Pipelines and Risers
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Table of contents
- Table of Contentsxi
- Series Prefacev
- Forewordvii
- Prefaceix
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 Design Stages and Process1
- 1.3 Design Through Analysis (DTA)7
- 1.4 Pipeline Design Analysis9
- 1.5 Pipeline Simulator19
- 1.6 References22
- Chapter 2. Wall-thickness and Material Grade Selection23
- 2.1 General23
- 2.2 Material Grade Selection24
- 2.3 Pressure Containment (hoop stress) Design26
- 2.4 Equivalent Stress Criterion31
- 2.5 Hydrostatic Collapse32
- 2.6 Wall Thickness and Length Design for Buckle Arrestors34
- 2.7 Buckle Arrestor Spacing Design35
- 2.8 References36
- Chapter 3. Buckling/Collapse of Deepwater Metallic Pipes39
- 3.1 General39
- 3.2 Pipe Capacity under Single Load40
- 3.3 Pipe Capacity under Couple Load47
- 3.4 Pipes under Pressure Axial Force and Bending49
- 3.5 Finite Element Model55
- 3.6 References61
- Chapter 4. Limit-state based Strength Design63
- 4.1 Introduction63
- 4.2 Out of Roundness Serviceability Limit64
- 4.3 Bursting65
- 4.4 Local Buckling/Collapse67
- 4.5 Fracture70
- 4.6 Fatigue73
- 4.7 Ratcheting75
- 4.8 Dynamic Strength Criteria75
- 4.9 Accumulated Plastic Strain75
- 4.10 Strain Concentration at Field Joints Due to Coatings76
- 4.11 References76
- Chapter 5. Soil and Pipe Interaction79
- 5.1 General79
- 5.2 Pipe Penetration in Soil79
- 5.3 Modeling Friction and Breakout Forces82
- 5.4 References83
- Chapter 6. Hydrodynamics around Pipes85
- 6.1 Wave Simulators85
- 6.2 Choice of Wave Theory85
- 6.3 Mathematical Formulations used in the Wave Simulators85
- 6.4 Steady Currents90
- 6.5 Hydrodynamic Forces91
- 6.6 References95
- Chapter 7. Finite Element Analysis of In-situ Behavior97
- 7.1 Introduction97
- 7.2 Description of the Finite Element Model98
- 7.3 Steps in an Analysis and Choice of Analysis Procedure101
- 7.4 Element Types used in the Model102
- 7.5 Non-linearity and Seabed Model104
- 7.6 Validation of the Finite-Element Model106
- 7.7 References106
- Chapter 8. On-bottom Stability109
- 8.1 General109
- 8.2 Force Balance: The Simplified Method110
- 8.3 Acceptance Criteria110
- 8.4 Special Purpose Program for Stability Analysis111
- 8.5 Use of FE Analysis for Intervention Design114
- 8.6 References116
- Chapter 9. Vortex-induced Vibrations (VIV) and Fatigue117
- 9.1 General117
- 9.2 Free-span VIV Analysis Procedure119
- 9.3 Fatigue Design Criteria124
- 9.4 Response Amplitude125
- 9.5 Modal Analysis129
- 9.6 Example Cases131
- 9.7 References135
- Chapter 10. Force Model and Wave Fatigue137
- 10.1 Introduction137
- 10.2 Fatigue Analysis138
- 10.3 Force Model144
- 10.4 Comparisons of Frequency Domain and Time Domain Approaches152
- 10.5 Conclusions and Recommendations153
- 10.6 References154
- Chapter 11. Trawl Impact, Pullover and Hooking Loads155
- 11.1 Introduction155
- 11.2 Trawl Gears155
- 11.3 Acceptance Criteria156
- 11.4 Impact Response Analysis157
- 11.5 Pullover Loads166
- 11.6 Finite Element Model for Pullover Response Analyses168
- 11.7 Case Study170
- 11.8 References175
- Chapter 12. Installation Design177
- 12.1 Introduction177
- 12.2 Pipeline Installation Vessels178
- 12.3 Software OFFPIPE and Code Requirements185
- 12.4 Physical Background for Installation186
- 12.5 Finite Element Analysis Procedure for Installation of In-line Valves204
- 12.6 Two Medium Pipeline Design Concept209
- 12.7 References216
- Chapter 13. Reliability-Based Strength Design of Pipelines219
- 13.1 General219
- 13.2 Reliability-based Design220
- 13.3 Uncertainty Measures222
- 13.4 Calibration of Safety Factors223
- 13.5 Buckling/Collapse of Corroded Pipes224
- 13.6 Conclusions227
- 13.7 References227
- Chapter 14. Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipes229
- 14.1 Introduction229
- 14.2 Review of Existing Criteria230
- 14.3 Development of New Criteria237
- 14.4 Evaluation of New Criteria240
- 14.5 Reliability-based Design240
- 14.6 Example Applications246
- 14.7 Conclusions254
- 14.8 References254
- Chapter 15. Residual Strength of Dented Pipes with Cracks257
- 15.1 Introduction257
- 15.2 Fracture of Pipes with Longitudinal Cracks258
- 15.3 Fracture of Pipes with Circumferential Cracks262
- 15.4 Reliability-based Assessment and Calibration of Safety Factors263
- 15.5 Design Examples267
- 15.6 Conclusions274
- 15.7 References274
- Chapter 16. Risk Analysis applied to Subsea Pipeline Engineering277
- 16.1 Introduction277
- 16.2 Acceptance Criteria279
- 16.3 Identification of Initiating Events283
- 16.4 Cause Analysis283
- 16.5 Probability of Initiating Events284
- 16.6 Causes of Risks287
- 16.7 Consequence Analysis288
- 16.8 Example 1: Risk analysis for a Subsea Gas Pipeline292
- 16.9 Example 2: Dropped Object Risk Analysis298
- 16.10 References303
- Chapter 17. Route Optimization, Tie-in and Protection305
- 17.1 Introduction305
- 17.2 Pipeline Routing305
- 17.3 Pipeline Tie-ins307
- 17.4 Flowline Trenching/Burying315
- 17.5 Flowline Rockdumping319
- 17.6 Equipment Dayrates323
- 17.7 References323
- Chapter 18. Pipeline Inspection, Maintenance and Repair325
- 18.1 Operations325
- 18.2 Inspection by Intelligent Pigging330
- 18.3 Maintenance340
- 18.4 Pipeline Repair Methods342
- 18.5 Deepwater Pipeline Repair350
- 18.6 References352
- Chapter 19. Use of High Strength Steel353
- 19.1 Review of Usage of High Strength Steel Linepipes353
- 19.2 Potential Benefits and Disadvantages of High Strength Steel367
- 19.3 Welding of High Strength Linepipe371
- 19.4 Cathodic Protection374
- 19.5 Fatigue and Fracture of High Strength Steel375
- 19.6 Material Property Requirements376
- 19.7 References379
- Chapter 20. Design of Deepwater Risers381
- 20.1 General381
- 20.2 Descriptions of Riser System381
- 20.3 Metallic Catenary Riser for Deepwater Environments386
- 20.4 Stresses and Service Life of Flexible Pipes390
- 20.5 Drilling and Workover Risers391
- 20.6 Riser Projects in Norway391
- 20.7 References392
- Chapter 21. Design Codes and Criteria for Risers393
- 21.1 Design Guidelines for Marine Riser Design393
- 21.2 Design Criteria for Deepwater Metallic Risers395
- 21.3 Limit State Design Criteria397
- 21.4 Design Conditions and Loads399
- 21.5 Improving Design Codes and Guidelines404
- 21.6 Comparison of lSO and API Codes with Hauch and Bai (1999)406
- 21.7 References411
- Chapter 22. Fatigue of Risers413
- 22.1 General413
- 22.2 Fatigue Causes413
- 22.3 Riser VIV Analysis Program418
- 22.4 Flexible Riser Analysis Program419
- 22.5 Vortex-induced Vibration Prediction421
- 22.6 Fatigue Life422
- 22.7 Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression Devices423
- 22.8 Fatigue of Deepwater Metallic Risers423
- 22.9 References430
- Chapter 23. Piping Systems433
- 23.1 Introduction433
- 23.2 Design Criteria433
- 23.3 Load Cases436
- 23.4 Finite Element Models437
- 23.5 References439
- Chapter 24. Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Systems441
- 24.1 General441
- 24.2 Pipe-in-Pipe System441
- 24.3 Bundle System451
- 24.4 References465
- Chapter 25. LCC Modeling as a Decision Making Tool in Pipeline Design467
- 25.1 Introduction467
- 25.2 Initial Cost469
- 25.3 Financial Risk472
- 25.4 Time value of Money475
- 25.5 Fabrication Tolerance Example Using the Life-Cycle Cost Model476
- 25.6 On-Bottom Stability Example485
- 25.7 References487
- Chapter 26. Design Examples489
- 26.1 General489
- 26.2 Åsgard Flowlines Project489
- 26.3 Åsgard Transport Project492
- 26.4 References495
- Subject Index497
Pipelines and Risers