Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Prefacexiii
- Acknowledgmentsxvi
- Part I: Roles of Stem Architecture in Plant Performance1
- Chapter 1. Plant Stems: Biomechanical Adaptation for Energy Capture and Influence on Species Distrib3
- I. Introduction3
- II. Constraints on Optimal Stem Allocation, Form, and Growth Dynamics4
- III. Energetic Trade-offs and Predicted Trends10
- IV. Conclusion and Coda39
- References41
- Chapter 2. Opportunities and Constraints in the Placement of Flowers and Fruits51
- I. Introduction51
- II. Adaptive Opportunities in Flower and Fruit Placement52
- III. Functional Constraints on Reproduction58
- IV. Biomechanical Factors Influencing the Placement of Flowers and Fruits62
- V. Can Flower Placement Constrain Stem or Shoot Growth?64
- VI. How Are Flower Types Influenced by Flower Placement?65
- VII. Prospects for Further Research: Exploring Trade-offs67
- References68
- Chapter 3. Biomechanical Optimum in Woody Stems75
- I. Trees as Sailboats75
- II. Human-Made Engineering Design versus Grown Biomechanical Design76
- III. Optimum Mechanical Design77
- IV.. The Design Principle in Trees79
- V. Safety Factors84
- VI. Relevance of Hollow Spaces and Cavities to Safety of Trees85
- VII. Repair of the Damaged Optimum87
- VIII. Summary88
- References89
- Chapter 4. Shrub Stems: Form and Function91
- I. Introduction91
- II. Stem Hydraulics and Adaptations to Drought93
- III. Stem Height and Form94
- IV. Architectural Strategies96
- V. Future Areas for Research99
- References99
- Part II: Roles of Stems in Transport and Storage of Water103
- Chapter 5. Limitations on Stem Water Transport and Their Consequences105
- I. Introduction105
- II. Importance of Stem Water Transport105
- III. Limits on Stem Water Transport: Cavitation107
- IV. Freezing and Cavitation107
- V. Water Stress and Cavitation112
- VI. Conclusions120
- References120
- Chapter 6. Patterns of Xylem Variation within a Tree and Their Hydraulic and Mechanical Consequences125
- I. Introduction125
- II. Typical Patterns of Xylem Variation126
- III. Variation in Water Transport130
- IV. Variation in Stresses, Structure, and Density136
- V. Conclusions144
- References145
- Chapter 7. Stem Water Storage151
- I. Introduction151
- II. Approaches to Studying Stem Water Storage152
- III. Structural Features Influencing Stem Water Storage156
- IV. Ecological Significance of Stem Water Storage164
- V. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research169
- References169
- Part III: Roles of Live Stem Cells in Plant Performance175
- Chapter 8. Role of Stems in Transport, Storage, and Circulation of Ions and Metabolites by the Whole177
- I. Introduction177
- II. Anatomical Features of Stems in Relation to Storage and Internal Exchanges between Transport Cha178
- III. Modeling Empirically the Role Played by Stems in Partitioning, Storage, and Utilization of Spec182
- IV. Case Studies183
- V. Conclusions201
- References202
- Chapter 9. The Low Profile Directors of Carbon and Nitrogen Economy in Plants: Parenchyma Cells Asso205
- I. Introduction205
- II. Channel-Associated Cells in Xylem: Involvement in N Economy206
- III. Channel-Associated Cells in Phloem: Background and Concept210
- IV. Channel-Associated Cells in the Phloem Loading Zone: Loading Mechanisms and Potential Consequenc216
- V. Channel-Associated Cells in Phloem Transport Zone217
- VI. Ecological Strategies and Operation of Channel-Associated Cells218
- References220
- Chapter 10. Stem Photosynthesis: Extent, Patterns, and Role in Plant Carbon Economy223
- I. Introduction223
- II. Extent of Stem Photosynthesis226
- III. Nature of Stem Photosynthetic Apparatus227
- IV. Ecophysiological Significance234
- V. Summary and Goals for Future Research236
- References238
- Chapter 11. Microflora and Microfauna on Stems and Trunks: Diversity, Food Webs, and Effects on Plan241
- I. Introduction241
- II. Organisms in the Food Web and Their Importance for Plant Growth242
- III. Organisms in the Food Web and Their Functions244
- IV. Plant Surface Food Webs245
- V. Stem Attack by Wood-Boring Insects251
- VI. Conclusions253
- References254
- Chapter 12. Developmental Potential of Shoot Buds257
- I. Introduction257
- II. Ontogeny and Development of Vegetative Buds258
- III. Biochemical and Cytological Changes during Bud Development262
- IV. Patterns of Axillary Bud Development267
- V. Plasticity of Developmental Potential271
- VI. Summary: Development of Reserve Meristems274
- References276
- Chapter 13. Hormonal Control of Radial and Longitudinal Growth in the Tree Stem281
- I. Introduction281
- II. Identification, Metabolism, and Movement of Hormones282
- III. Hormonal Control of Radial Growth288
- IV. Hormonal Control of Longitudinal Growth296
- V. Conclusions and Future Directions303
- References305
- Part IV: Roles of Stems in Preventing or Reacting to Plant Injury321
- Chapter 14. Stems and Fires323
- I. Introduction323
- II. Cell-Level Injury and Recovery325
- III. Plant Level333
- IV. Fire Injury and Invasions by Invertebrates and Fungi338
- V. Conclusions339
- References339
- Chapter 15. Response of Stem Growth and Function to Air Pollution343
- I. Introduction343
- II. Types of Air Pollutants and Their Effects343
- III. Evidence from Studies of Tree Rings347
- IV. Effect of CO2 Enrichment on Stem Growth in Trees352
- V. Model of Air Pollutant Effects on Stem Growth356
- VI. Conclusions356
- References357
- Chapter 16. Chemical Antiherbivore Defense365
- I. Introduction365
- II. Mammals365
- III. Bark Beetles372
- IV. Conclusions375
- References375
- Chapter 17. Stem Defense against Pathogens383
- I. Introduction383
- II. Defense of Bark384
- III. Defense of Sapwood391
- IV. Defense of Heartwood398
- V. Conclusions399
- References401
- Part V: Synthesis407
- Chapter 18. Stems in the Biology of the Tissue, Organism, Stand, and Ecosystem409
- I. The Nature of Stems410
- II. Constraints on Capabilities and Functions of Stems414
- III. Throwaway Concept415
- IV. Stem Development416
- V. The Stem as a Research Subject: Experimental Limitations417
- VI. Function and Process Interactions418
- VII. Trade-offs420
- VIII. The Optimization Issue421
- IX. Conclusions423
- References425
- Index429
- Physiological Ecology441
- Color Plate Section442
Stems, of various sizes and shapes, are involved in most of the organic processes and interactions of plants, ranging from support, transport, and storage to development and protection. The stem itself is a crucially important intermediary: it links above- and below ground organs-connecting roots to leaves. An international team of leading researchers vividly illustrate that stems are more than pipes, more than simple connecting and supporting structures; rather stems are critical, anatomically distinct structures of enormous variability. It is, to an unappreciated extent, this variability that underpins both the diversity and the success of plants in myriad ecosystems.
Plant Stems will be a valuable resource on form/function relationships for researchers and graduate-level students in ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, development, genetics, agricultural sciences, and horticulture as they unravel the mechanisms and processes that allow organisms and ecosystems to function.
Key Features
* Syntheses of structural, physiological, and ecological functions of stems
* Multiple viewpoints on how stem structure relates to performance
* Highlights of major areas of plant biology long neglected
Plant Stems will be a valuable resource on form/function relationships for researchers and graduate-level students in ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, development, genetics, agricultural sciences, and horticulture as they unravel the mechanisms and processes that allow organisms and ecosystems to function.
Key Features
* Syntheses of structural, physiological, and ecological functions of stems
* Multiple viewpoints on how stem structure relates to performance
* Highlights of major areas of plant biology long neglected