Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- Chapter One. Introduction1
- 1.1 The Environmental Problem and Pollution Prevention1
- 1.2 What is Process Integration?3
- 1.3 Can Flowsheets Provide Global Insights?6
- 1.4 Branches of Process Integration: Mass Integration and Energy Integration10
- 1.5 Structure of the Book12
- Chapter Two. Modeling of Mass-Exchange Units for Environmental Applications16
- 2.1 What Is a Mass Exchanger?16
- 2.2 Equilibrium17
- 2.3 Interphase Mass Transfer19
- 2.4 Types and Sizes of Mass Exchangers20
- 2.5 Minimizing Cost of Mass-Exchange Systems26
- Chapter Three. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks44
- 3.1 A Network versus a Unit44
- 3.2 Problem Scope, Significance, and Complexity44
- 3.3 Mass-Exchange Network Synthesis Task45
- 3.4 The Targeting Approach47
- 3.5 The Corresponding Composition Scales47
- 3.6 The Pinch Diagram49
- 3.7 Constructing Pinch Diagrams without Process MSAs68
- 3.8 Trading Off Fixed versus Operating Costs72
- Chapter Four. Graphical Techniques for Mass Integration with Mass-Exchange Interception84
- 4.1 The Source–Sink Mapping Diagram84
- 4.2 Application of Mass Integration to Enhance Yield, Debottleneck the Process and Reduce Wastewater86
- Chapter Five. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks„An Algebraic Approach105
- 5.1 The Composition.Interval Diagram "CID"105
- 5.2 Table of Exchangeable Loads "TEL"106
- 5.3 Mass-Exchange Cascade Diagram107
- 5.4 Example on Dephenolization of Aqueous Wastes109
- 5.5 Synthesis of MENs with Minimum Number of Exchangers111
- 5.6 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch112
- 5.7 Network Synthesis115
- 5.8 Trading Off Fixed versus Operating Costs Using Mass-Load Paths119
- Chapter Six. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Mathematical Programming Approach126
- 6.1 Generalization of the Composition Interval Diagram126
- 6.2 Problem Formulation127
- 6.3 The Dephenolization Example Revisited128
- 6.4 Optimization of Outlet Compositions133
- 6.5 Stream Matching and Network Synthesis137
- 6.6 Network Synthesis for Dephenolization Example139
- Chapter Seven. Mathematical Optimization Techniques for Mass Integration154
- 7.1 Problem Statement and Challenges154
- 7.2 Synthesis of MSA-Induced WINs155
- 7.3 Case Study: Interception of Chloroethanol in an Ethyl Chloride Process161
- 7.4 Developing Strategies for Segregation, Mixing and Direct Recycle175
- 7.5 Case Study Revisited: Segregation, Mixing and Recycle for the Chloroethanol Case Study176
- 7.6 Integration of Interception with Segregation, Mixing, and Recycle182
- Chapter Eight. Synthesis of Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks191
- 8.1 Objectives of REAMEN Synthesis191
- 8.2 Corresponding Composition Scales for Reactive Mass Exchange193
- 8.3 Synthesis Approach199
- Chapter Nine. Combining Heat Integration with Mass Integration217
- 9.1 Synthesis of HENs217
- 9.2 Synthesis of Combined Heat- and Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks "CHARMEN"232
- 9.3 Case Study: CHARMEN Synthesis for Ammonia Removal from a Gaseous Emission235
- 9.4 Case Study: Incorporation of CHARMEN Synthesis into Mass Integration for an Ammonium Nitrate Pla240
- Chapter Ten. Synthesis of Heat-Induced Separation Network for Condensation of Volatile Organic Compo248
- 10.1 Problem Statement248
- 10.2 System Configuration249
- 10.3 Integration of Mass and Heat Objectives250
- 10.4 Design Approach251
- 10.5 Special Case: Dilute Waste Streams253
- 10.6 Case Study: Removal of Methyl Ethyl Ketone "MEK"254
- 10.7 Effect of Pressure259
- Chapter Eleven. Design of Membrane-Separation Systems262
- 11.1 Classification of Membrane Separations262
- 11.2 Reverse Osmosis Systems264
- 11.3 Designing Systems of Multiple Reverse Osmosis Modules273
- Chapter Twelve. Environmentally Benign Chemistry and Species289
- 12.1 Synthesis of Environmentally Acceptable Reactions289
- 12.2 Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Species291
- Appendix I: Useful Relationships for Compositions297
- Appendix II: Conversion Factors300
- Appendix III: Overview of Process Economics303
- Appendix IV: Instructions for Software Package309
- Index315
The environmental impact of industrial waste is one of the most serious challenges facing the chemical process industries. From a focus on end-of-pipe treatment in the 1970s, chemical manufacturers have increasinglyimplemented pollution prevention policies in which pollutants are mitigated at the source or separated and recovered and then reused or sold.
This book is the first to present systematic techniques for cost-effective pollution prevention, altering what has been an art that depends on experience and subjective opinion into a science rooted in fundamental engineering principles and process integration. Step-by-step procedures are presented that are widely applicable to the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food, and metals industries.
Various levels of sophistication ranging from graphical methods to algebraic procedures and mathematical optimization, numerous applications and case studies, and integrated software for optimizing waste recovery systems make Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools a must read for a wide spectrum of practicing engineers, environmental scientists, plant managers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in the areas of pollution prevention andprocess integration.
This book is the first to present systematic techniques for cost-effective pollution prevention, altering what has been an art that depends on experience and subjective opinion into a science rooted in fundamental engineering principles and process integration. Step-by-step procedures are presented that are widely applicable to the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food, and metals industries.
Various levels of sophistication ranging from graphical methods to algebraic procedures and mathematical optimization, numerous applications and case studies, and integrated software for optimizing waste recovery systems make Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools a must read for a wide spectrum of practicing engineers, environmental scientists, plant managers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in the areas of pollution prevention andprocess integration.
- Allows the reader to establish pollution-prevention targets for a process and then develop implementable, cost-effective solutions
- Contains step-by-step procedures that can be applied to environmental problems in a wide variety of process industries
- Integrates pollution prevention with other process objectives
- Author is internationally recognized for pioneering work in developing mass integration science and technology
- Companion website provides access to software for design of waste recovery networks (MEN) and optimization (LINGO()