Elsevier S & T

Polynyas: Windows to the World: Windows to the World

Smith, Jr., Walker O.; Barber, David

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Contentsv
  • List of Contributorsxi
  • Forewordxiii
  • Prefacexv
  • Chapter 1. The Role of Sea Ice in Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas1
  • 1. Introduction1
  • 2. Polynyas, Sea Ice and Climate Variability/Change4
  • 3. An Inventory of Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas7
  • 4. Detailed Case Studies34
  • 5. Conclusions42
  • Acknowledgements43
  • References43
  • Chapter 2. Physical Oceanography of Polynyas55
  • 1. Introduction55
  • 2. Polynya Formation Processes57
  • 3. Physical Oceanography70
  • 4. Biological Importance of Polynyas73
  • 5. Future Research in a Changing Environment74
  • Acknowledgements76
  • References77
  • Chapter 3. Polynya Modelling87
  • 1. Introduction87
  • 2. Flux Model Approach89
  • 3. Parameterisations for the Collection Thickness H92
  • 4. Opening of a One-Dimensional Polynya94
  • 5. Two-Dimensional Steady-State Solutions96
  • 6. Two-Dimensional Steady-State Solutions with Ocean Currents98
  • 7. Unsteady 2-Dimensional Flux Models98
  • 8. Polynya Closing102
  • 9. A Polynya Flux Model with a Prognostic Frazil Ice Concentration106
  • 10. Coupled Atmosphere-Polynya Flux Model107
  • 11. General Circulation Modelling Approach108
  • 12. Ice GCM Equations108
  • 13. Numerical Methods in Ice GCMs113
  • 14. Regional Ice GCM Applications116
  • 15. Conclusions121
  • Acknowledgements122
  • References122
  • Chapter 4. Meteorology and Atmosphere-Surface Coupling in and around Polynyas127
  • 1. Introduction127
  • 2. Measurements of Meteorological Variables130
  • 3. NWP Models146
  • 4. Surface Interactions147
  • 5. Outlook for the Future152
  • 6. Summary152
  • Appendix A: Acronyms153
  • References154
  • Chapter 5. Gas Fluxes and Dynamics in Polynyas163
  • 1. Introduction163
  • 2. Gases in Cold, Salty Water164
  • 3. Carbon166
  • 4. Sulfur178
  • 5. Methylhalides180
  • 6. The Future for Air-Sea Gas Exchange in Polynyas180
  • Acknowledgements182
  • References182
  • Chapter 6. Biogeochemistry of Polynyas and Their Role in Sequestration of Anthropogenic Constituents193
  • 1. Introduction193
  • 2. Antarctic Polynyas195
  • 3. Polynyas in the Arctic Ocean209
  • References215
  • Chapter 7. Physical Control of Primary Productivity in Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas223
  • 1. Introduction223
  • 2. Formation of the Four Major Polynyas224
  • 3. Role of Physicochemical Properties of Polynyas226
  • 4. Cloud Reduction over Polynyas with High Latent Heat Flux231
  • 5. Timing of Polynya Expansion233
  • References234
  • Chapter 8. Primary Production and Nutrient Dynamics in Polynyas239
  • 1. Introduction239
  • 2. Phytoplankton Characteristics of Individual Polynyas243
  • 3. Ecological Consequences of Polynya Production256
  • 4. Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas259
  • 5. Summary and Conclusions261
  • Acknowledgements263
  • References263
  • Chapter 9. Zooplankton Processes in Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas271
  • 1. Introduction272
  • 2. Zooplankton in Arctic Ocean Polynyas272
  • 3. Zooplankton of the Southern Ocean287
  • 4. Conclusions310
  • Acknowledgements311
  • References311
  • Chapter 10. Pelagic Bacterial Processes in Polynyas323
  • 1. Introduction323
  • 2. Overview: Microbial Food Webs in Polar Seas326
  • 3. Bacterial Processes in the Ross Sea Polynya (RSP)331
  • 4. Bacterial Processes in Greenland Polynyas (NEW and NOW)338
  • 5. Other Polynyas349
  • 6. Summary and Prospects349
  • Acknowledgements350
  • References350
  • Chapter 11. Benthic Processes in Polynyas363
  • 1. Introduction363
  • 2. General Polynya Patterns and Processes367
  • 3. Means to Assess Interpolynya Differences374
  • 4. Rate Processes and Their Controls375
  • 5. Conclusions384
  • Acknowledgements385
  • References385
  • Chapter 12. The Impact and Importance of Production in Polynyas to Top-Trophic Predators: Three Case391
  • 1. Introduction391
  • 2. Ross Sea Polynya393
  • 3. North Water Polynya398
  • 4. Northeast Water Polynya401
  • 5. Conclusion403
  • References403
  • Chapter 13. Polynyas and Climate Change: A View to the Future411
  • 1. Introduction411
  • 2. Polynyas and Climate Change: The Arctic414
  • 3. Polynyas and Climate Change: The Antarctic415
  • 4. Conclusions417
  • References417
  • Author Index421
  • Subject Index449
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444529527
  • ISBN-13 9780080522937
  • Author Smith, Jr., Walker O.; Barber, David
  • Category Science
  • Subject Meteorology & Climatology

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Description eBook delivery & access Reviews
Polynyas are relatively ice-free regions when compared to the areas around them, and have been suggested as being foci for energy transfer between the atmosphere and ocean, ice “factories”, and critical areas with respect to polar ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. This volume presents an integrated, multidisciplinary review of polynyas in both the Arctic and Antarctic. It emphasizes the meteorology, ice dynamics, oceanography, biological components, chemistry, and modeling of these systems, particularly with respect to their roles in polar processes and distributions. The various interactions within polynyas, particularly between the physical forcing and biological responses, is emphasized, as are the potential changes in polynyas that might occur under a climate regime that is rapidly changing. The authors of the reviews are leaders among their respective countries in polynya research, and all are internationally recognized.

* Addresses the findings from actively researched polynyas and reports on the new understandings of polar systems that have evolved from these studies
* Includes topics from meteorology to physics to biology and chemistry, and seeks to integrate them into a synthetic assessment
* Provides material from both the Arctic and Antarctic, which is highly unusual in books of this type