Potato Biology and Biotechnology: Advances and Perspectives: Advances and Perspectives
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Copyright Pageiv
- Table of Contentsix
- Prefacev
- Acknowledgementvii
- List of contributorsxxvii
- Part I The Markets1
- Chapter 1 The Fresh Potato Market3
- 1.1 Introduction and Overview3
- 1.2 Production3
- 1.3 Supply7
- 1.4 Demand7
- 1.5 Expenditure and Consumption12
- 1.6 The Consumers’ Views14
- 1.6.1 When potatoes are consumed15
- 1.7 Prices Paid to Producers18
- 1.8 Potatoes and the Health Issue20
- 1.8.1 Glycaemic indices22
- 1.9 Summary, Conclusions and Future Prospects24
- 1.9.1 Key points25
- Chapter 2 Global Markets for Processed Potato Products27
- 2.1 Introduction27
- 2.2 Processed Potato Products27
- 2.3 History of Potato Processing28
- 2.4 Current Dimensions29
- 2.4.1 Global production and consumption29
- 2.4.2 Trends30
- 2.4.3 Drivers30
- 2.5 Potato-Processing Companies and Locations32
- 2.6 Potato Supply33
- 2.6.1 Supply chain33
- 2.6.2 Variety requirements34
- 2.7 Potato Cost37
- 2.7.1 Theory and practice37
- 2.7.2 Contracts38
- 2.8 Potato Quality39
- 2.8.1 Introduction39
- 2.8.2 Tuber shape, size and dry matter composition39
- 2.8.3 Blemishing diseases and disorders40
- 2.8.4 Sugars and fry colours41
- 2.9 Current Issues and Future Development41
- 2.9.1 Acrylamide41
- 2.9.2 Obesity42
- 2.9.3 Nutritional value43
- Chapter 3 The seed potato market45
- 3.1 Seed Tubers45
- 3.2 Seed Market46
- 3.2.1 ’Conventional’ seed tubers46
- 3.2.2 Mini-tubers49
- 3.2.3 True potato seed50
- 3.3 Barriers to Markets in Seed Potatoes50
- 3.3.1 Quarantine diseases and pests50
- 3.3.2 Non-quarantine diseases and pests51
- 3.3.3 Breeder’s rights51
- Part II Genetics and Genetic Resources53
- Chapter 4 Molecular Taxonomy55
- 4.1 Introduction55
- 4.2 Taxonomic Background55
- 4.2.1 Wild and cultivated potatoes55
- 4.2.2 The evolutionary framework57
- 4.2.3 Remaining taxonomic problems58
- 4.3 Molecular Data58
- 4.3.1 Molecular markers applied to tuber-bearing Solanum spp.58
- 4.3.2 Methods of analysis of molecular data sets – phenetic versus cladistic approaches59
- 4.3.3 Application of molecular data to the taxonomy of the tuber-bearing Solanum spp.59
- 4.4 Conclusion74
- Chapter 5 Molecular Markers, Maps and Population Genetics77
- 5.1 Introduction77
- 5.2 DNA Marker Types Useful for Potato Genetics78
- 5.2.1 Restriction fragment length polymorphism78
- 5.2.2 Amplified fragment length polymorphism80
- 5.2.3 Simple sequence repeat or microsatellite80
- 5.2.4 Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, sequence characterized amplified region and allele-spe81
- 5.2.5 Single-nucleotide polymorphism81
- 5.3 Principles of Linkage Map Construction82
- 5.4 Molecular Maps of Potato83
- 5.5 Comparing the Potato with other Plant Genomes85
- 5.6 Population Genetics86
- Chapter 6 Genetics of Morphological and Tuber Traits91
- 6.1 Introduction91
- 6.1.1 The breeder’s perspective91
- 6.1.2 What is heritable variation?91
- 6.1.3 Morphological and tuber traits discussed in this chapter92
- 6.2 Classical Potato Genetics with Molecular Techniques92
- 6.2.1 The characteristics of classical genetic analysis92
- 6.2.2 The characteristics of molecular genetic analysis94
- 6.2.3 Quantitative and qualitative genetic approaches95
- 6.3 The Genetics of Morphological Traits96
- 6.3.1 Tuber flesh colour96
- 6.3.2 Tuber skin and flower colour99
- 6.3.3 Tuber shape100
- 6.3.4 Eye depth101
- 6.3.5 Tuber skin characters102
- 6.4 Genetics of Tuber Physiology103
- 6.4.1 Tuberization103
- 6.4.2 Dormancy, sprouting104
- 6.5 Tuber Quality Traits104
- 6.5.1 Starch content104
- 6.5.2 Discolouration105
- 6.5.3 Texture109
- 6.5.4 Glycoalkaloids110
- 6.5.5 Growing defects (hollow hearts, growth cracks, second growth, internal heat necrosis)111
- 6.5.6 Tuber size uniformity111
- Chapter 7 Genetics of Resistance to Pests and Disease117
- 7.1 Resistance Screening117
- 7.1.1 Field screening117
- 7.1.2 Greenhouse screening119
- 7.1.3 Laboratory screening120
- 7.2 Resistance Genetics in Potato121
- 7.2.1 Resistance breeding121
- 7.2.2 Resistance genetics based on disease phenotype127
- 7.3 Molecular Analysis of Potato Resistance130
- 7.3.1 Experimental strategies for gene mapping and cloning130
- 7.3.2 Resistance factors mapped in potato132
- 7.3.3 Resistance genes cloned and characterized141
- 7.3.4 Synteny of resistance loci in Solanaceae145
- 7.3.5 Marker-assisted resistance breeding147
- Chapter 8 Potato-Breeding Strategy157
- 8.1 Introduction157
- 8.2 Evolution of the Modern Potato Crop157
- 8.3 Potato Breeding and the Need for New Cultivars158
- 8.3.1 Potato breeding158
- 8.3.2 Need for new cultivars159
- 8.3.3 True potato seed160
- 8.4 Adaptation to Environments and End Uses160
- 8.4.1 Genotype by environment interactions160
- 8.4.2 Ideotypes161
- 8.5 Germplasm Available161
- 8.5.1 Wild species162
- 8.5.2 Cultivated species164
- 8.6 Introgression of Genes from Wild Species165
- 8.6.1 Sexual and somatic hybridization of S. tuberosum with wild species165
- 8.6.2 Molecular-marker-assisted introgression and gene cloning166
- 8.6.3 Base broadening versus introgression166
- 8.7 Breeding Cultivars at the Tetraploid Level for Clonal Propagation167
- 8.7.1 Parents167
- 8.7.2 Early generations168
- 8.7.3 Intermediate and later generations169
- 8.7.4 Genetic knowledge and molecular-marker-assisted selection169
- 8.8 Breeding Cultivars for TPS170
- 8.9 Genetically Modified Potatoes171
- 8.10 Achieving Durable Disease and Pest Resistance173
- 8.11 Conclusions174
- Chapter 9 Genomics179
- 9.1 Introduction179
- 9.2 Characteristics of the Potato Genome180
- 9.3 Gene Isolation180
- 9.3.1 Early gene cloning and expression studies180
- 9.3.2 Map-based gene isolation182
- 9.3.3 Use of candidate gene approaches for gene isolation182
- 9.4 Structural Genomic Resources184
- 9.4.1 Large-insert genomic libraries184
- 9.4.2 Expressed sequence tag resources184
- 9.5 Analysis of Potato Gene Expression187
- 9.6 Microarrays189
- 9.7 Functional Genomic Resources192
- 9.7.1 The phenotype gap192
- 9.7.2 Transgenic approaches for the study of gene function193
- 9.7.3 Transposon tagging194
- 9.7.4 Virus-induced gene silencing194
- 9.7.5 Activation tagging196
- 9.8 Towards a Genome-Wide Physical Map and a Potato Genome Sequence197
- 9.9 Proteomics and Metabolomics197
- 9.10 Genomic Databases199
- 9.11 Summary199
- Chapter 10 Potato Cytogenetics203
- 10.1 Introduction203
- 10.2 Basic Chromosome Number and Polyploid Complexes203
- 10.3 Genome and Species Relationships204
- 10.3.1 Genomic designation and relationships of diploid potato species204
- 10.3.2 Genomic nature and relationships in polyploid potato species205
- 10.3.3 Genomic designation and relationships of potato and non-tuber-bearing species from closely re208
- 10.4 Karyotyping of Potato Species209
- 10.4.1 Fluorescent in situ hybridization-based cytogenetic mapping209
- 10.5 Cytogenetics in Potato Improvement212
- Part III Plant Growth and Development217
- Chapter 11 Above-Ground and Below-Ground Plant Development219
- 11.1 Introduction219
- 11.2 General Morphology219
- 11.3 Sprout Development220
- 11.4 The Shoot System221
- 11.5 The Leaves222
- 11.6 The Stolon System229
- 11.7 The Tubers231
- 11.8 Organs of Sexual Reproduction232
- 11.9 Root System233
- 11.10 Association Between Development of Above-Ground and Below-Ground Plant Parts233
- Chapter 12 Signalling the Induction of Tuber Formation237
- 12.1 Introduction237
- 12.2 Historical Background238
- 12.2.1 Photoregulation240
- 12.3 The Role of Growth Regulators in Controlling Tuberization242
- 12.3.1 Gibberellins242
- 12.3.2 Cytokinins243
- 12.3.3 Lipoxygenase activity and the role of jasmonates245
- 12.4 Gene Activity During Early Tuber Formation245
- 12.5 The Role of Specific Transcription Factors in Tuber Development249
- 12.5.1 A MADS box protein that regulates axillary branching and affects tuber formation249
- 12.5.2 Transcription factors from the TALE superclass250
- 12.5.3 Overexpression of POTH1 negatively regulates GA levels250
- 12.5.4 POTH1 protein interacts with seven unique potato BEL transcription factors250
- 12.5.5 Over-expression of POTH1 and StBEL5 produces an enhanced capacity to form tubers251
- 12.5.6 Mechanism for transcription factors in regulating tuberization251
- Chapter 13 Photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and source–sink relations257
- 13.1 Introduction257
- 13.2 Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism258
- 13.2.1 CO2 fixation258
- 13.2.2 Carbon partitioning in mesophyll cells260
- 13.2.3 Sucrose biosynthesis in source leaves261
- 13.3 Starch Metabolism in Source Leaves265
- 13.3.1 Starch synthesis within the chloroplast265
- 13.3.2 Starch breakdown in leaves266
- 13.4 Carbon Export and Long-Distance Transport268
- 13.4.1 Pathway from the mesophyll to the phloem268
- 13.4.2 Phloem loading269
- 13.4.3 Long-distance transport in the phloem272
- 13.5 Carbon Unloading into Sink Organs273
- 13.5.1 Symplastic and apoplastic routes of unloading273
- 13.5.2 Phloem unloading in the tuber275
- 13.6 Sucrose to Starch Conversion in the Tuber276
- 13.6.1 Production of hexose phosphates in the cytosol276
- 13.6.2 Uptake of carbon into the amyloplast277
- 13.6.3 Starch synthesis in potato tubers277
- 13.7 Source–Sink Regulation by Sugars279
- Chapter 14 Dormancy and Sprouting287
- 14.1 Introduction287
- 14.2 Tuber Dormancy Characteristics288
- 14.3 Cell Biology of Dormancy290
- 14.4 Gene Expression During Dormancy Transition293
- 14.5 Hormonal Regulation of Tuber Dormancy294
- 14.5.1 Auxins294
- 14.5.2 Abscisic acid295
- 14.5.3 Ethylene299
- 14.5.4 Gibberellins300
- 14.5.5 Cytokinins301
- 14.5.6 Other endogenous growth substances303
- 14.5.7 Hormonal regulation of tuber dormancy: an overview304
- 14.6 Sprout Growth and Physiological Aging304
- 14.7 Conclusions305
- Chapter 15 Molecular Physiology of the Mineral Nutrition of the Potato311
- 15.1 Introduction311
- 15.2 Nitrogen313
- 15.2.1 Nitrogen uptake313
- 15.2.2 Nitrogen assimilation314
- 15.2.3 Transport of organic N between source and sink318
- 15.3 Phosphorus319
- 15.3.1 Phosphate uptake320
- 15.3.2 Molecular biological analysis of Pi transport systems321
- 15.3.3 Pi translocation on the whole plant level: long-distance transport324
- 15.4 Conclusion and Outlook326
- Part IV Response to the Environment331
- Chapter 16 Water Availability and Potato Crop Performance333
- 16.1 Introduction333
- 16.2 Determinants and Controls of Water Movement334
- 16.2.1 The transport of water in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum334
- 16.2.2 Plant water relations336
- 16.3 Assessing Plant Water Status338
- 16.4 Potato Plant Responses to Drought and Biotic Stress339
- 16.4.1 Leaf expansion339
- 16.4.2 Effect of drought on plant calcium and 13C concentrations340
- 16.5 Water Use, Leaf Dynamics and Potato Productivity342
- 16.5.1 Water-use efficiency in different climates342
- 16.5.2 Relative transpiration and leaf dynamics343
- 16.5.3 Interactions between drought and biotic stresses345
- 16.6 Varietal Differences in Drought Tolerance347
- 16.7 Effects of Water Availability on Quality348
- Chapter 17 Potato crop response to radiation and daylength353
- 17.1 Radiation353
- 17.1.1 Development of radiation interception353
- 17.1.2 Measurement of radiation interception356
- 17.1.3 Environmental effects on interception of solar radiation357
- 17.1.4 Radiation use efficiency358
- 17.2 Daylength360
- 17.2.1 Morphology360
- 17.2.2 Tuber initiation360
- 17.2.3 Short day sensitivity363
- 17.2.4 Earliness363
- Chapter 18 Responses of the Potato Plant to Temperature367
- 18.1 Introduction367
- 18.1.1 Background and warnings367
- 18.1.2 Reader’s guide368
- 18.2 Sprout Growth, Emergence and Crop Establishment368
- 18.3 The Shoot System369
- 18.3.1 Leaf appearance370
- 18.3.2 Final leaf number370
- 18.3.3 Leaf growth and leaf size372
- 18.3.4 Life span of leaves and specific leaf area373
- 18.3.5 Number of stems374
- 18.3.6 Stem morphology374
- 18.3.7 Stem branching375
- 18.4 Stolons375
- 18.5 Tubers377
- 18.5.1 Tuber induction and tuber initiation377
- 18.5.2 Tuber set378
- 18.5.3 Tuber bulking379
- 18.5.4 Dry matter partitioning to tubers and harvest index379
- 18.5.5 Tuber yield380
- 18.5.6 Tuber number380
- 18.5.7 Tuber size distribution381
- 18.5.8 Tuber quality381
- 18.5.9 Tuber enzyme activity381
- 18.6 Inflorescences and Flowers382
- 18.7 Root System384
- 18.8 Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Production and Dry Matter Partitioning384
- 18.9 Partial Exposure385
- 18.10 Effects of Short Periods of Changes in Temperature386
- 18.11 Diurnal Temperature Fluctuations388
- 18.12 Physiological Behaviour of Seed Tubers388
- 18.13 Summary391
- Chapter 19 Response to the Environment: Carbon Dioxide395
- 19.1 Introduction395
- 19.2 Effects of Increased CO2 on Crop Growth and Development396
- 19.3 Effects of Increased CO2 on Potato Physiology397
- 19.4 Effects of Increased CO2 on Yield and Quality400
- 19.5 Interactions Between Yield and Stresses at Elevated CO2405
- 19.6 Modelling Future Potato Productivity406
- 19.6.1 Source-driven potato growth models407
- 19.6.2 Source–sink-based potato growth models408
- 19.6.3 Applications of potato models to CO2-related issues: towards integrated assessment409
- 19.7 Conclusions409
- Chapter 20 Towards the Development of Salt-Tolerant Potato415
- 20.1 Introduction415
- 20.2 Salt-Affected Agricultural Lands – Where are They?416
- 20.2.1 Is potato grown in salt-affected areas?416
- 20.3 Integrated Approach to Cropping Saline Soils419
- 20.4 Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance in Plants420
- 20.4.1 What is known of salinity tolerance mechanisms in potato?420
- 20.5 Classification of Salinity Tolerance in Potato421
- 20.6 Evaluations of Salinity Tolerance in Potato422
- 20.6.1 Field and greenhouse evaluations of salinity tolerance in potato422
- 20.6.2 In vitro evaluations of salinity tolerance in potato423
- 20.7 Engineering and Cultural Management Practices for Modulation of Salinity Stress425
- 20.7.1 Water management for potato crops under salinity stress425
- 20.7.2 Fertiliser management for potato crops under salinity stress427
- 20.7.3 Climatic conditions modulate salinity effects on potato428
- 20.8 Producing Salinity Tolerant Potato429
- 20.8.1 Salinity-tolerant wild and/or primitive potato species429
- 20.8.2 Domestication of wild salt-tolerant potato429
- 20.8.3 Breeding for increased vigour and yield430
- 20.8.4 Obtaining salinity tolerance through cell and tissue culture techniques431
- 20.8.5 Obtaining salinity tolerant potato through genetic engineering433
- 20.9 Summary434
- Part V Tuber Quality439
- Chapter 21 The Harvested Crop441
- 21.1 Introduction441
- 21.2 Nutritional Value442
- 21.3 Dry Matter444
- 21.3.1 Carbohydrates444
- 21.3.2 Protein448
- 21.3.3 Vitamins451
- 21.3.4 Allergens and anti-nutritionals452
- 21.3.5 Glycoalkaloids453
- 21.3.6 Other tuber metabolites454
- 21.3.7 Minerals454
- 21.4 Flesh and Skin Colour455
- 21.4.1 Carotenoids455
- 21.4.2 Anthocyanins456
- 21.5 Greening458
- 21.6 Mechanical Damage and Bruising459
- 21.6.1 Enzymic browning460
- 21.6.2 Structural and cellular changes461
- 21.6.3 Field factors and tuber water status462
- 21.7 Concluding Comments466
- Chapter 22 Skin-Set, Wound Healing, and Related Defects471
- 22.1 Introduction471
- 22.2 Native Periderm and Skin-Set472
- 22.2.1 Native periderm formation472
- 22.2.2 Skin-set: a part of native periderm maturation473
- 22.2.3 Skin-set and native periderm physiology474
- 22.2.4 Periderm architecture and skinning injury476
- 22.2.5 Cellular changes associated with skin-set477
- 22.3 Wound Healing479
- 22.3.1 The process of tuber wound healing479
- 22.3.2 Induction of suberization480
- 22.3.3 Regulation of suberization481
- 22.3.4 Environmental effects on suberization483
- 22.3.5 Characteristics of the biopolymers that form suberin483
- 22.3.6 Suberization: closing layer and wound periderm formation484
- 22.3.7 Suberin biosynthesis and structure485
- 22.3.8 Suberization and resistance to infection492
- 22.4 Related Defects492
- 22.4.1 Wound-related tuber defects492
- 22.4.2 Shatter bruising and tuber cracking493
- 22.4.3 Blackspot and pressure/crush bruising493
- 22.4.4 Growth cracks495
- 22.4.5 Skinning495
- 22.5 Summary496
- Chapter 23 Internal Physiological Disorders and Nutritional and Compositional Factors that Affect Ma501
- 23.1 Introduction501
- 23.2 General Nature, Incidence and Severity of Internal Physiological Disorders502
- 23.2.1 Calcium nutrition and tuber quality502
- 23.2.2 Brown centre and internal brown spot504
- 23.2.3 Hollow heart507
- 23.2.4 Internal heat necrosis509
- 23.2.5 Stem-end discolouration510
- 23.2.6 Translucency512
- 23.2.7 Mottling513
- 23.3 Summary of Internal Physiological Disorders515
- 23.4 Compositional and Nutritional Changes Affecting End-Use Quality515
- 23.4.1 Carbohydrates – starch516
- 23.4.2 Carbohydrates – sugars516
- 23.4.3 Factors affecting RS concentration in stored potatoes517
- 23.4.4 Chemical maturity monitoring518
- Chapter 24 Potato Flavour and Texture525
- 24.1 Introduction525
- 24.2 Potato Flavour525
- 24.2.1 Non-volatile components525
- 24.2.2 Glycoalkaloids and flavour527
- 24.2.3 Volatile compounds527
- 24.2.4 Molecular and genetic approaches to the study of potato flavour530
- 24.2.5 Molecular approaches to dissecting key constituents of tuber flavour531
- 24.3 Potato Tuber Texture532
- Part VI Pests and Diseases541
- Chapter 25 Insect Pests in Potato543
- 25.1 Yield and Quality Effects543
- 25.1.1 Defoliators543
- 25.1.2 Sap feeders544
- 25.1.3 Pathogen transmission544
- 25.1.4 Root and tuber feeding545
- 25.2 Insect Pests of Worldwide Importance545
- 25.2.1 Aphids545
- 25.2.2 Colorado potato beetle550
- 25.2.3 Potato tuber moths552
- 25.2.4 Leafminers554
- 25.3 Regional Pests556
- 25.3.1 Leafhoppers556
- 25.3.2 Potato psyllid557
- 25.3.3 Thrips557
- 25.3.4 White grubs558
- 25.3.5 Wireworms558
- 25.3.6 Ladybird beetles558
- 25.3.7 Flea beetles559
- 25.3.8 Andean potato weevils559
- 25.3.9 Cutworms560
- 25.4 Insect Control Tactics560
- 25.4.1 Insecticides561
- 25.4.2 Host plant resistance561
- 25.4.3 Biological control562
- 25.5 Conclusions562
- Chapter 26 The Nematode Parasites of Potato569
- 26.1 Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida)569
- 26.1.1 Host range570
- 26.1.2 Diseases572
- 26.1.3 Biology573
- 26.1.4 Dormant stage574
- 26.2 Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne SPP.)575
- 26.2.1 Disease576
- 26.2.2 Biology576
- 26.2.3 Spread578
- 26.3 The False Root-Knot Nematode Nacobbus Aberrans578
- 26.3.1 Host range578
- 26.3.2 Disease579
- 26.3.3 Biology579
- 26.3.4 Spread579
- 26.4 Virus Vector Nematodes (Trichodorus SPP.)580
- 26.4.1 Disease581
- 26.4.2 Biology581
- 26.5 The Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus SPP.)582
- 26.5.1 Disease582
- 26.5.2 Biology582
- 26.6 Ditylenchus Destructor and Ditylenchus Dipsaci582
- 26.6.1 Host range583
- 26.6.2 Disease583
- 26.6.3 Biology584
- 26.7 Control584
- 26.7.1 Prophylaxis584
- 26.7.2 Cultural methods585
- 26.7.3 Physical methods586
- 26.7.4 Chemical treatments586
- 26.7.5 Biological methods587
- 26.7.6 Resistant varieties588
- 26.8 Conclusions591
- Chapter 27 Bacterial Pathogens of Potato595
- 27.1 Introduction595
- 27.2 Pathogen Biology595
- 27.2.1 Ralstonia solanacearum595
- 27.2.2 Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus597
- 27.2.3 Pectolytic erwinias597
- 27.2.4 Streptomyces scabies599
- 27.3 Pathology600
- 27.3.1 Symptoms and factors favouring symptom expression600
- 27.3.2 Economic importance604
- 27.3.3 Geographic distribution605
- 27.4 Ecology606
- 27.4.1 Plant colonization606
- 27.4.2 Survival607
- 27.4.3 Dissemination608
- 27.5 Control610
- 27.5.1 Use of clean seed610
- 27.5.2 Inoculum reduction612
- 27.5.3 Agronomic practices613
- 27.6 Perspectives614
- Chapter 28 Viruses: Economical Losses and Biotechnological Potential619
- 28.1 Introduction619
- 28.2 Viruses Infecting Potato619
- 28.3 New and Emerging Viruses and their Detection622
- 28.3.1 Molecular detection and identification622
- 28.3.2 New viruses623
- 28.3.3 Emerging viruses624
- 28.4 Economic Impact of PVY626
- 28.4.1 Mixed infections628
- 28.4.2 Impact of primary and secondary infection628
- 28.4.3 Costs to seed production629
- 28.4.4 Yield loss depending on cultivar resistance and PVY strain630
- 28.4.5 Aetiology and evolutionary perspectives631
- 28.5 Infectious cDNA Clones of Potato Viruses and their use as Biotechnological Tools632
- 28.5.1 Use of potato viruses as gene vectors632
- 28.5.2 Studies on viral infection cycle using infectious cDNAs of potato viruses633
- Chapter 29 Fungal and Fungus-Like Pathogens of Potato643
- Part VII Biotechnology667
- Chapter 30 Developments in Transgenic Biology and the Genetic Engineering of Useful Traits669
- 30.1 Introduction669
- 30.2 Genetic Transformation of Potato670
- 30.3 Developments in Transgenic Biology674
- 30.3.1 Protocol refinements674
- 30.3.2 Enhanced or alternative transformation strategies675
- 30.4 The Genetic Engineering of Useful Traits678
- 30.4.1 Resistance to major pests and diseases679
- 30.4.2 Tuber quality traits681
- 30.4.3 Nutritional value681
- 30.5 Summary and Future Developments683
- Chapter 31 Field-Testing of Transgenic Potatoes687
- 31.1 Introduction687
- 31.2 Transgenic Potatoes in the Context of Potato Breeding689
- 31.3 The Importance of Field-Testing Transgenic Potatoes691
- 31.3.1 Field confirmation of transgenic phenotype691
- 31.3.2 Occurrence of off-types692
- 31.4 The Design of a Field-Testing Programme695
- 31.5 Strategies to Reduce the Frequency of Off-Types697
- 31.6 Assessment of Biosafety Issues699
- 31.7 Conclusions701
- Chapter 32 Soil-Free Techniques705
- 32.1 Introduction705
- 32.2 Mini-Tuber Production708
- 32.3 In Vitro Multiplication Techniques709
- 32.3.1 Axillary-bud proliferation709
- 32.3.2 Micro-tuber production710
- 32.3.3 Somatic embryogenesis712
- 32.4 Hydroponics and Aeroponics714
- 32.5 Future Prospects715
- Part VIII Crop Management717
- Chapter 33 Agronomic Practices719
- 33.1 Introduction719
- 33.2 Planning and Preparation719
- 33.2.1 Market720
- 33.2.2 Calendar721
- 33.2.3 Seed722
- 33.2.4 Site selection727
- 33.2.5 Soil analysis727
- 33.2.6 Fertiliser728
- 33.3 Soil Management729
- 33.3.1 Cultivation729
- 33.3.2 Control of soil-borne pests and diseases730
- 33.3.3 Weed control730
- 33.3.4 Irrigation731
- 33.4 Crop Establishment and Management732
- 33.4.1 Planting732
- 33.4.2 Crop protection733
- 33.4.3 Covers, mulches, soil amendments and intercropping734
- 33.4.4 Defoliation734
- 33.4.5 Harvesting735
- 33.5 Post-harvest Handling and Storage735
- 33.5.1 Crop monitoring736
- Chapter 34 Minerals, Soils and Roots739
- 34.1 Introduction739
- 34.2 Optimizing the Application of Fertilisers742
- 34.2.1 Nitrogen742
- 34.2.2 Potassium743
- 34.2.3 Phosphorus744
- 34.3 Optimizing Plant Physiology for Mineral Acquisition and Utilization745
- 34.3.1 Nitrogen746
- 34.3.2 Potassium747
- 34.3.3 Phosphorus748
- 34.4 Soil Conditions and Potato Growth749
- 34.5 Summary750
- Chapter 35 Mathematical Models of Plant Growth and Development753
- 35.1 Introduction753
- 35.2 Aims and Approaches754
- 35.2.1 Top-down/bottom-up755
- 35.2.2 Source-driven/sink-based756
- 35.3 Applications757
- 35.3.1 Potential yields757
- 35.3.2 Actual yields759
- 35.3.3 Outstanding difficulties and inadequacies – root growth763
- 35.3.4 Ideotyping765
- 35.3.5 Forecasting766
- 35.4 Calibration/Validation and Other Difficulties769
- 35.4.1 Sensitivity analysis769
- 35.4.2 Calibration and validation770
- 35.4.3 Modellers tend to believe their models772
- 35.5 Future Work772
- Chapter 36 Decision Support Systems in Potato Production777
- 36.1 Definition777
- 36.2 Opportunity777
- 36.3 Current Availability778
- 36.3.1 Late blight781
- 36.3.2 Fertiliser784
- 36.3.3 Irrigation787
- 36.3.4 Tuber size distribution790
- 36.4 Take-Up in General792
- 36.5 The Way Forward792
- 36.5.1 Barriers to uptake792
- 36.5.2 The customer794
- 36.6 Conclusion796
- Index801
In the past 15-20 years major discoveries have been concluded on potato biology and biotechnology. Important new tools have been developed in the area of molecular genetics, and our understanding of potato physiology has been revolutionized due to amenability of the potato to genetic transformation. This technology has impacted our understanding of the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interaction and has also opened new opportunities for the use of the potato in a variety of non-food biotechnological purposes.
This book covers the potato world market as it expands further into the new millennium. Authors stress the overriding need for stable yields to eliminate human hunger and poverty, while considering solutions to enhance global production and distribution. It comprehensively describes genetics and genetic resources, plant growth and development, response to the environment, tuber quality, pests and diseases, biotechnology and crop management. Potato Biology is the most valuable reference available for all professionals involved in the potato industry, plant biologists and agronomists.
· Offers an understanding of the social, economic and market factors that influence production and distribution
· Discusses developments and useful traits in transgenic biology and genetic engineering
· The first reference entirely devoted to understanding new advances in potato biology and biotechnology
This book covers the potato world market as it expands further into the new millennium. Authors stress the overriding need for stable yields to eliminate human hunger and poverty, while considering solutions to enhance global production and distribution. It comprehensively describes genetics and genetic resources, plant growth and development, response to the environment, tuber quality, pests and diseases, biotechnology and crop management. Potato Biology is the most valuable reference available for all professionals involved in the potato industry, plant biologists and agronomists.
· Offers an understanding of the social, economic and market factors that influence production and distribution
· Discusses developments and useful traits in transgenic biology and genetic engineering
· The first reference entirely devoted to understanding new advances in potato biology and biotechnology