Power Generation Technologies
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of contentsv
- List of figuresix
- List of tablesxi
- 1 Introduction to electricity generation1
- History of the electricity generation industry1
- The evolution of electricity generation technologies2
- The politics of electricity4
- The size of the industry5
- End notes7
- 2 Environmental considerations8
- The evolution of environmental awareness8
- The environmental effects of power generation10
- The carbon cycle and atmospheric warming10
- Controlling carbon dioxide12
- The hydrogen economy13
- Externalities14
- Life-cycle assessment15
- The bottom line17
- End notes17
- 3 Coal-fired power plants18
- Types of coal19
- Coal cleaning and processing20
- Traditional coal-burning power plant technology21
- Boiler technology22
- Steam turbine design24
- Generators26
- Emission control for traditional coal-burning plants27
- Coal treatment28
- Low nitrogen oxides burners28
- Sulphur dioxide removal29
- Nitrogen oxides capture strategies30
- Combined sulphur and nitrogen oxides removal30
- Particulate removal31
- Mercury removal31
- Carbon dioxide32
- Advanced coal-burning power plant technology33
- Fluidised-bed combustion33
- Integrated-gasification combined cycle35
- Environmental effects of coal combustion37
- Financial risks associated with coal-fired power generation38
- The cost of coal-fired electricity generation40
- End notes41
- 4 Gas turbines and combined cycle power plants43
- Natural gas44
- Natural gas costs45
- Gas turbine technology46
- Modern gas turbine design48
- Advanced gas turbine design50
- Reheating50
- Intercooling52
- Mass injection52
- Recuperation53
- Distributed generation53
- Combined cycle power plants53
- Micro turbines55
- Environmental impact of gas turbines55
- Nitrogen oxides56
- Carbon dioxide56
- Carbon monoxide and particulates57
- Financial risks associated with gas-turbine-based power projects57
- Technological risk57
- Fuel risk58
- The cost of gas turbine power stations59
- End notes61
- 5 Combined heat and power62
- History63
- Applications64
- CHP technology65
- Piston engines66
- Steam turbines67
- Gas turbines68
- Micro turbines69
- Fuel cells70
- Nuclear power70
- Environmental considerations71
- Noise71
- Heat72
- Energy efficiency72
- Financial risks73
- Cost of CHP73
- End notes74
- 6 Piston-engine-based power plants75
- Piston engine technology76
- Engine size and speed78
- Spark-ignition engines78
- Compression engines79
- Dual fuel engines80
- Stirling engines80
- Co-generation81
- Combined cycle82
- Environmental considerations83
- Emission control84
- Carbon dioxide85
- Financial risks85
- Costs86
- End notes87
- 7 Fuel cells89
- The fuel cell principle90
- Fuel cell chemistry90
- Catalysts92
- Hydrocarbon gas reformation93
- Types of fuel cell93
- Phosphoric acid fuel cell94
- Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell96
- Molten carbonate fuel cells97
- Solid oxide fuel cells99
- Environmental considerations101
- Financial risks102
- Fuel cell costs102
- End notes103
- 8 Hydropower104
- The hydropower resource105
- Hydro sites106
- Dams and barrages107
- Run-of-river project107
- Reservoir projects108
- Turbines109
- Impulse turbines110
- Reaction turbines110
- Francis turbine111
- Propeller and Kaplan turbines112
- Generators113
- Small hydropower113
- The environment114
- Inundation115
- Sedimentation115
- Inter-regional effects116
- Greenhouse gases116
- Human rights116
- Financial risks117
- Geological risk117
- Hydrological risk118
- The cost of hydropower119
- End notes120
- 9 Tidal power122
- Tidal motion122
- The tidal resource123
- Tidal technology124
- Tidal barrages125
- Two-basin projects126
- Bunded reservoir127
- Turbines127
- Speed regulation128
- Sluices and shiplocks129
- Modes of operation129
- Environmental considerations129
- Financial risks130
- The cost of tidal power131
- End note133
- 10 Storage technologies134
- Types of energy storage135
- Pumped storage hydropower136
- Plant design137
- Turbines137
- Global exploitation138
- Financial risks139
- Costs139
- Compressed air energy storage139
- Storage caverns140
- Turbine technology141
- Global exploitation142
- Financial risk142
- Costs142
- Large-scale batteries143
- Lead acid batteries144
- Nickel–cadmium batteries144
- Sodium–sulphur batteries144
- Flow batteries144
- Financial risks145
- Costs145
- Superconducting magnetic energy storage146
- Financial risks147
- Costs147
- Flywheels147
- Financial risks148
- Costs148
- Capacitors148
- Hydrogen149
- Environmental considerations149
- Renewable energy150
- Costs151
- End notes152
- 11 Wind power153
- Wind sites155
- Locating a site156
- Turbulence156
- Wind turbines156
- Turbine size157
- Horizontal or vertical?158
- Rotor design160
- Tower design161
- Drive train and generator161
- Wind farms and grid connection162
- Offshore wind technology163
- Constraints on wind capacity164
- Environmental considerations164
- Offshore wind166
- Financial risks166
- The cost of wind power167
- End notes168
- 12 Geothermal power170
- The geothermal resource171
- Geothermal fields172
- Brine–methane reservoirs173
- Hot dry rock174
- Exploiting the magma174
- Location of geothermal resources174
- Geothermal energy conversion technology175
- Direct-steam power plant176
- Flash-steam plants177
- Binary power plants178
- Environmental considerations179
- Financial risks180
- The cost of geothermal power181
- End notes182
- 13 Solar power184
- The solar energy resource184
- Sites for solar power generation185
- Solar technology186
- Solar thermal power generation186
- Parabolic troughs187
- Solar towers190
- Solar dish collectors191
- Photovoltaic devices192
- Solar photovoltaic technology193
- Types of solar cell194
- Solar cell manufacture195
- Solar panels and inverters195
- Solar cell deployment196
- Utility photovoltaic arrays196
- Solar concentrators196
- Residential photovoltaic arrays197
- Environmental considerations198
- Financial risks199
- The cost of solar power200
- Solar thermal costs200
- Solar photovoltaic costs201
- End notes202
- 14 Ocean power204
- Ocean energy resource204
- Ocean thermal energy conversion206
- Open and closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion207
- Technical challenges208
- Hybrid applications209
- Browsing ocean thermal energy conversion209
- The environmental impact of ocean thermal energy conversion209
- The cost of ocean thermal energy conversion210
- Wave energy210
- Shore and near-shore wave converters211
- 1. Oscillating water columns211
- 2. Tapered channels212
- 3. Oscillating flaps212
- Offshore devices213
- 1. Float pumps213
- 2. Ducks, wave pumps and other water snakes213
- 3. Piezoelectric devices214
- The environmental implications of wave energy converters214
- The cost of wave energy conversion214
- Ocean current generation215
- Horizontal axis turbines215
- Vertical axis turbines216
- Other tidal stream energy extractors216
- Ocean current environmental considerations217
- Cost of ocean current technology217
- End notes217
- 15 Biomass-based power generation219
- Types of biomass220
- Biomass wastes221
- Energy crops222
- Biomass energy conversion technology224
- Direct firing224
- Co-firing226
- Biomass gasification227
- Biomass digesters228
- Liquid fuels228
- Environmental considerations229
- Life-cycle assessment230
- Energy crops230
- Waste fuels231
- Financial risks231
- Agricultural risk232
- The cost of biomass generated power232
- Technology costs232
- Fuel costs233
- Electricity costs233
- End notes234
- 16 Power from waste235
- Landfill waste disposal235
- Waste sources236
- Waste composition237
- Waste collection238
- Waste power generation technologies239
- Traditional combustion plants240
- Gasification and pyrolysis241
- Refuse-derived fuel243
- Environmental considerations243
- Waste plant emissions244
- Ash244
- Fly ash and flue gas treatment residues245
- Flue gas245
- Dioxins245
- Heavy metals246
- Financial risks246
- The cost of energy from waste247
- End notes247
- 17 Nuclear power249
- Global nuclear capacity250
- The future251
- Fundamentals of nuclear power251
- Nuclear fission252
- Controlled nuclear reaction253
- Fusion254
- Nuclear reactors254
- Boiling water reactor255
- Pressurised water reactor256
- Canadian deuterium uranium reactor257
- Advanced gas-cooled reactor258
- High-temperature gas-cooled reactor258
- Breeder (fast) reactors259
- Advanced reactor designs260
- Nuclear fusion260
- Environmental considerations260
- Radioactive waste262
- Waste categories263
- Decommissioning263
- Financial risks associated with investing in nuclear power264
- The cost of nuclear power265
- End notes266
- Index267
This book makes intelligible the wide range of electricity generating technologies available today, as well as some closely allied technologies such as energy storage.
The book opens by setting the many power generation technologies in the context of global energy consumption, the development of the electricity generation industry and the economics involved in this sector. A series of chapters are each devoted to assessing the environmental and economic impact of a single technology, including conventional technologies, nuclear and renewable (such as solar, wind and hydropower). The technologies are presented in an easily digestible form.
Different power generation technologies have different greenhouse gas emissions and the link between greenhouse gases and global warming is a highly topical environmental and political issue. With developed nations worldwide looking to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide, it is becoming increasingly important to explore the effectiveness of a mix of energy generation technologies.
Power Generation Technologies gives a clear, unbiased review and comparison of the different types of power generation technologies available. In the light of the Kyoto protocol and OSPAR updates, Power Generation Technologies will provide an invaluable reference text for power generation planners, facility managers, consultants, policy makers and economists, as well as students and lecturers of related Engineering courses.
· Provides a unique comparison of a wide range of power generation technologies - conventional, nuclear and renewable
· Describes the workings and environmental impact of each technology
· Evaluates the economic viability of each different power generation system
The book opens by setting the many power generation technologies in the context of global energy consumption, the development of the electricity generation industry and the economics involved in this sector. A series of chapters are each devoted to assessing the environmental and economic impact of a single technology, including conventional technologies, nuclear and renewable (such as solar, wind and hydropower). The technologies are presented in an easily digestible form.
Different power generation technologies have different greenhouse gas emissions and the link between greenhouse gases and global warming is a highly topical environmental and political issue. With developed nations worldwide looking to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide, it is becoming increasingly important to explore the effectiveness of a mix of energy generation technologies.
Power Generation Technologies gives a clear, unbiased review and comparison of the different types of power generation technologies available. In the light of the Kyoto protocol and OSPAR updates, Power Generation Technologies will provide an invaluable reference text for power generation planners, facility managers, consultants, policy makers and economists, as well as students and lecturers of related Engineering courses.
· Provides a unique comparison of a wide range of power generation technologies - conventional, nuclear and renewable
· Describes the workings and environmental impact of each technology
· Evaluates the economic viability of each different power generation system