Principles of Cloning
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Table of contents
- CONTENTSvii
- CONTRIBUTORSxv
- PREFACExix
- FOREWORDxxi
- Introduction1
- Chapter 1. Historical Perspective3
- ANCIENT CLONING (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)„IN THE BEGINNING3
- SPONTANEOUS REGENERATION4
- TYPES OF CLONING4
- EXAMPLES OF NATURAL CLONING IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS4
- EXPERIMENTAL CLONING OF NONMAMMALS4
- CLONING MAMMALS6
- REFERENCES14
- Part I: Basic Biological Processes19
- Chapter 2. Activation of Mammalian Oocytes21
- INTRODUCTION21
- REQUIREMENT OF Ca2+ FOR OOCYTE ACTIVATION22
- HOW DOES THE SPERM TRIGGER Ca2+ RELEASE?25
- REGULATION OF FERTILIZATION-ASSOCIATED [Ca2+]i OSCILLATIONS30
- REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSEMBLY OF COMPETENT PRONUCLEI32
- [Ca2+]i OSCILLATIONS AND APOPTOSIS IN MAMMALIAN OOCYTES37
- REFERENCES39
- Chapter 3. The Nucleus47
- DNA AND GENOME STRUCTURE48
- DNA-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN SOMATIC AND GERM CELLS49
- THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, LAMINA, AND MATRIX: E PLURIBUS UNUM69
- PERSPECTIVE73
- UPDATE73
- REFERENCES73
- Chapter 4. Nuclear Reprogramming: Biological and Technological Constraints85
- NUCLEAR TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLONED MAMMALS85
- EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AFTER NUCLEAR TRANSFER91
- REFERENCES96
- Chapter 5. Plasticity of Somatic Nucleus by Epigenetic Reprogramming Via Cell Hybridization99
- INTRODUCTION99
- NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC CELLS BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS100
- NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC CELLS BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH EMBRYONIC GERM CELLS104
- CLONING BY SOMATIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION INTO OOCYTES106
- CONCLUSION106
- REFERENCES106
- Chapter 6. Determinants of Pluripotency in Mammals109
- INTRODUCTION109
- DEFINING PLURIPOTENCY BY MEANS OF TOTIPOTENCY110
- WHY PLURIPOTENCY?112
- THE FIELDS OF PLURIPOTENCY113
- LEVELS OF CELL POTENCY116
- THE CELLULAR BASES OF POTENCY119
- PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELLS AND CLONING124
- METHODS OF ADDRESSING CELL POTENCY125
- MARKERS OF PLURIPOTENCY134
- OCT4, A MODERN TOOL FOR ANALYSIS OF PLURIPOTENCY135
- LESSONS FROM CLONING144
- REFERENCES145
- Part II: Methods153
- Chapter 7. Micromanipulation Techniques for Cloning155
- INTRODUCTION155
- MAKING MANIPULATION TOOLS155
- MICROSCOPY AND EQUIPMENT FOR MICROMANIPULATION160
- MICROMANIPULATION PROCEDURES163
- PIEZOELECTRIC ASSISTED NUCLEAR TRANSFER169
- TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS171
- REFERENCES172
- Chapter 8. Microinsemination and Nuclear Transfer with Male Germ Cells175
- INTRODUCTION175
- MICROINSEMINATION177
- NUCLEAR TRANSFER WITH MALE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS182
- REFERENCES183
- Chapter 9. Development of Viable Mammalian Embryos in Vitro: Evolution of Sequential Media187
- INTRODUCTION187
- DYNAMICS OF EMBRYO AND MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY187
- METABOLISM OF THE EMBRYO192
- DECREASING INTRACELLULAR STRESS195
- EVOLUTION OF SEQUENTIAL EMBRYO CULTURE MEDIA195
- FACTORS OTHER THAN MEDIUM FORMULATION THAT IMPACT EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND VIABILITY199
- INHERENT PROBLEMS OF COCULTURE206
- CONCLUSIONS208
- REFERENCES208
- Chapter 10. Genetic and Phenotypic Similarity Among Members of Mammalian Clonal Sets215
- DEFINITION OF CLONING215
- CYTOPLASMIC GENETICS216
- EPIGENETIC EFFECTS216
- UTERINE EFFECTS218
- NEONATAL ENVIRONMENT219
- LARGE-OFFSPRING SYNDROME219
- MUTATIONS220
- CULTURAL INHERITANCE221
- HOW SIMILAR?221
- SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE223
- REFERENCES223
- Chapter 11. Genetic Modification and Cloning in Mammals227
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION227
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE227
- CONVENTIONAL ENRICHMENT PROTOCOLS TO ENHANCE HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION229
- MODULATION OF HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION AND NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS230
- GENE TARGETING: EXPLOITING MECHANISMS OF DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK REPAIR IN MAMMALIAN CELLS231
- MODELS OF HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION REPAIR231
- BIOCHEMISTRY OF HR REPAIR232
- OVEREXPRESSION OF NORMAL AND DOMINANT-NEGATIVE FORMS OF HR PROTEINS ENHANCE HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION234
- RANDOM INSERTION OF TARGETING CONSTRUCTS MEDIATED BY NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING237
- SUPPRESSING NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING PATHWAY BY INHIBITING KEY NHEJ PROTEINS238
- REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE238
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENESCENCE AND DNA REPAIR240
- SUMMARY240
- REFERENCES241
- Chapter 12. Pregnancy and Neonatal Care of Cloned Animals247
- OCCURRENCE OF LARGE-OFFSPRING SYNDROME247
- GESTATIONAL MONITORING249
- PERINATAL MANAGEMENT257
- SUMMARY262
- REFERENCES262
- Chapter 13. Donor Cell Type and Cloning Efficiency in Mammals267
- DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF GERM LINE NUCLEI AT VARIOUS CELL CYCLE STAGES267
- DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF SOMATIC CELL LINE NUCLEI FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES268
- REFERENCES275
- Part III: Cloning by Species279
- Chapter 14. Cloning of Amphibians281
- INTRODUCTION281
- EGG FORMATION AND EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT282
- METHODOLOGY283
- NUCLEAR TRANSFER SUCCESS284
- NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING285
- REFERENCES286
- Chapter 15. Cloning of Fish287
- INTRODUCTION287
- DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC TECHNIQUES OF TRANSPLANTATION OF EMBRYONIC CELLS TO NONENUCLEATED EGGS288
- EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN GENES IN NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTS292
- FERTILE AND DIPLOID NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTS294
- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES297
- REFERENCES297
- Chapter 16. Cloning of Mice301
- INTRODUCTION301
- CONTRIBUTION OF THE RECIPIENT CYTOPLASM305
- CONTRIBUTION OF THE NUCLEUS DONOR308
- TECHNICAL DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME IN CLONING318
- CLONE DEVELOPMENT322
- QUESTIONS AND APPLICATIONS330
- CONCLUDING REMARKS332
- REFERENCES336
- Chapter 17. Cloning of Rabbits343
- INTRODUCTION343
- BACKGROUND OF RABBIT EMBRYOLOGY344
- STATE OF THE ART346
- APPLICATIONS OF SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER IN RABBITS356
- APPENDIX: PROTOCOL FOR RABBIT SOMATIC-CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER356
- REFERENCES361
- Chapter 18. Nuclear Transfer in Swine367
- INTRODUCTION367
- INITIAL STUDIES367
- MOLECULAR EVENTS OF REPROGRAMMING AS REVEALED BY STUDIES IN PIGS368
- OOCYTE ACTIVATION370
- IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS370
- PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING RESULTING FROM NUCLEAR TRANSFER371
- CONCLUSIONS372
- REFERENCES372
- Chapter 19. Cloning of cattle375
- INTRODUCTION375
- HISTORY375
- CLONING FROM FETAL CELLS377
- CLONING FROM ADULT SOMATIC CELLS379
- TELOMERES381
- LARGE-OFFSPRING SYNDROME382
- APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER385
- REFERENCES387
- Chapter 20. Cell Cycle Regulation in Cloning391
- INTRODUCTION391
- INITIAL EVENTS391
- OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CELL CYCLE392
- CELL CYCLE EFFECTS OF OOCYTE-DERIVED CYTOPLAST RECIPIENTS393
- OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE RECIPIENT CELL CYCLE PHASE395
- EFFECTS OF CELL CYCLE COMBINATIONS ON DEVELOPMENT396
- EFFECTS OF THE DONOR CELL CYCLE STAGE ON DEVELOPMENT397
- SUMMARY397
- REFERENCES397
- Part IV: Currently Sought after Species401
- Chapter 21. Cloning of Rats403
- INTRODUCTION403
- WHY CLONE THE RAT?403
- STEPS IN CLONING404
- DONOR CELLS408
- ACTIVATION409
- OUTCOMES410
- TRANSFER OF RECONSTITUTED EMBRYOS TO SURROGATE MOTHERS410
- LIMITATIONS411
- QUESTIONS OF INTEREST IN CLONING413
- REFERENCES414
- Part V: Nuclear Transfer in Primates417
- Chapter 22. Cloning in Nonhuman Primates419
- INTRODUCTION419
- WHY GENETICALLY IDENTICAL NONHUMAN PRIMATES?419
- FACTORS INFLUENCING RESEARCH IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES420
- METHODS FOR PRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL ANIMALS422
- CONCLUSIONS428
- REFERENCES429
- Part VI: Applications433
- Chapter 23. Nuclear Transfer for Stem Cells435
- INTRODUCTION435
- NUCLEAR TRANSFER USING SOMATIC CELLS TO PRODUCE ES CELLS435
- STEM CELL HYBRIDIZATION439
- CONCLUSIONS440
- REFERENCES440
- Chapter 24. Current Research and Commercial Applications of Cloning Technology443
- INTRODUCTION443
- CLONING RESEARCH ANIMALS444
- PREVIOUS AND PRESENT OBSTACLES TO COMMERCIAL CLONING IN ANIMAL AGRICULTURE448
- SUMMARY455
- REFERENCES455
- Chapter 25. Transgenic Cloned Goats and the Production of Therapeutic Proteins459
- INTRODUCTION459
- MAMMARY GLAND-SPECIFIC TRANSGENES FOR SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER462
- GENERATION OF TRANSGENIC FOUNDERS BY TRANSFECTED SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER463
- PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC GOATS BY ADULT SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER469
- IN VITRO-DERIVED OOCYTES VS. IN VIVO-DERIVED OOCYTES470
- CONCLUSION471
- REFERENCES472
- Part VII: Ethical and Legal Affairs475
- Chapter 26. Ethical Implications of Cloning477
- INTRODUCTION477
- REPRODUCTIVE CLONING478
- THERAPEUTIC CLONING487
- CONCLUSION491
- REFERENCES491
- Final Remarks495
- Chapter 27. Mammalian Cloning: Challenges for the Future497
- INTRODUCTION497
- ACTIVATION OF DEVELOPMENT497
- THERAPEUTIC CLONING VERSUS DIRECT REPROGRAMMING OF ADULT CELLS498
- REPRODUCTIVE CLONING„QUESTIONS, MYTHS, AND CONCERNS499
- REFERENCES500
- AUTHOR INDEX503
- SUBJECT INDEX523
Principles of Cloning is the first comprehensive book on animal cloning since the creation of Dolly. The contributing authors are the principal investigators on each of the animal species cloned to date, and are expertly qualified to present the state-of-the-art information in their respective areas. Editors Cibelli, Lanza and West garnered worldwide spotlight late in 2001 when their company, Advanced Cell Technology, announced the successful engineering of the world's first cloned human embryo. The trio was featured in the US News & World Report December 2001 cover story, "The First Human Clone." The book presents the basic biological mechanisms of how cloning works and progresses to discuss current and potential applications in basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine.
Key Features
* First and most comprehensive book on animal cloning
* Chapters written by the world' expert in each area
* From the early experiments in amphibia to the latest one in mammals, everything is included in this book and told by the researcher that did it and how they did it
* Basic biological mechanisms on how cloning works and all their current and potential applications
* Cloning applications on basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology and medicine are included
* Editors are the pioneers in the field
Key Features
* First and most comprehensive book on animal cloning
* Chapters written by the world' expert in each area
* From the early experiments in amphibia to the latest one in mammals, everything is included in this book and told by the researcher that did it and how they did it
* Basic biological mechanisms on how cloning works and all their current and potential applications
* Cloning applications on basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology and medicine are included
* Editors are the pioneers in the field