Elsevier S & T

Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations

Kirkham, M.B.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Contentsvii
  • Prefacexv
  • Chapter 1. Introduction1
  • I. Why Study Soil-Plant-Water Relations?1
  • II. Plant Growth Curves6
  • III. Appendix: Biography of John Napier11
  • Chapter 2. Definitions of Physical Units and the International System15
  • I.Definitions15
  • II. Le Système International d’Unités20
  • III. Example: Applying Units of Work and Pressure to a Root23
  • IV. Appendix: Biography of Isaac Newton24
  • Chapter 3. Structure and Properties of Water27
  • I. Structure of Water27
  • II. Forces That Bind Water Molecules Together28
  • III. Properties of Water30
  • IV. Appendix: Biography of Johannes van der Waals39
  • Chapter 4. Tensiometers41
  • I. Description of a Tensiometer41
  • II. Types of Tensiometers45
  • III. Temperature Effects on Tensiometers50
  • IV. Applications of Tensiometers51
  • V. Appendix: Biography of L.A. Richards52
  • Chapter 5. Soil-Water Terminology and Applications55
  • I. Water Content55
  • II. Water Potential55
  • III. Heads in a Column of Soil60
  • IV. Movement of Water Between Tensiometers63
  • V. Appendix: Biography of William L. Powers64
  • Chapter 6. Static Water in Soil67
  • I. Surface Tension67
  • II. Examples of Surface Tension73
  • III. Rise and Fall of Water in Soil Pores75
  • IV. Appendix: History of Surface Tension79
  • V. Appendix: Biography of Marquis de Laplace82
  • Chapter 7. Water Movement in Saturated Soil85
  • I. Darcy’s Law85
  • II. Hydraulic Conductivity87
  • III. Laplace’s Equation88
  • IV. Ellipse Equation88
  • V. Linear Flow Laws93
  • VI. Appendix: Biography of Apollonius of Perga96
  • VII. Appendix: Biography of Henry Darcy97
  • Chapter 8. Field Capacity, Wilting Point, Available Water, and the Non-Limiting Water Range101
  • I. Field Capacity101
  • II. Wilting Point104
  • III. Available Water107
  • IV. Non-Limiting Water Range108
  • V. Biographies of Briggs and Shantz110
  • Chapter 9. Penetrometer Measurements117
  • I. Definition, Types of Penetrometers, and Uses117
  • II. Types of Tests118
  • III. What Penetrometer Measurements Depend Upon119
  • IV. Cone Penetrometer121
  • V. Appendix: Biography of Champ Tanner124
  • Chapter 10. Measurement of Oxygen Diffusion Rate129
  • I. The Oxygen Diffusion Rate Method129
  • II. Electrolysis131
  • III. Model and Principles of the ODR Method134
  • IV.Method137
  • V. Appendix: Biography of Michael Faraday141
  • Chapter 11. Infiltration145
  • I. Definition of Infiltration145
  • II. Four Models of One-Dimensional Infiltration147
  • III. Two- and Three-Dimensional Infiltration150
  • IV. Redistribution150
  • V. Tension Infiltrometer or Disc Permeameter151
  • VI. Minidisk Infiltrometer154
  • VII. Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Sorptivity with the Tension Infiltrometer155
  • VIII. Measurement of Repellency with the Tension Infiltrometer160
  • IX. Measurement of Mobility with the Tension Infiltrometer161
  • X. Ellipsoidal Description of Water Flow into Soil from a Surface Disc166
  • XI. Appendix: Biography of John Philip168
  • Chapter 12. Pore Volume173
  • I. Definitions173
  • II. Illustration of Breakthrough Curves and Pore Volumes175
  • III. Mathematical Analysis of Pore Volume175
  • IV. Calculation of a Pore Volume179
  • V. Pore Volumes Based on Length Units181
  • VI. Miscible Displacement183
  • VII. Relation Between Mobile Water Content and Pore Volume183
  • VIII. Appendix: Biography of Donald Nielsen183
  • Chapter 13. Time Domain Reflectometry to Measure Volumetric Soil Water Content187
  • I. Definitions187
  • II. Dielectric Constant, Frequency Domain, and Time Domain189
  • III. Theory for Use of the Dielectric Constant to Measure Soil Water Content190
  • IV. Coaxial Cable and Waveguides194
  • V. Measurement of Soil Water Content Using TDR195
  • VI. Practical Information When Using TDR to Measure Soil Water Content197
  • VII. Example of Using TDR to Determine Root Water Uptake199
  • VIII. HydroSense’199
  • IX. Appendix: Biography of Heinrich Hertz201
  • X. Appendix: Biography of Sergei Schelkunoff202
  • Chapter 14. Root Anatomy and Poiseuille’s Law for Water Flow in Roots207
  • I. Root Anatomy207
  • II. Poiseuille’s Law216
  • III. Assumptions of Poiseuille’s Law217
  • IV. Calculations of Flow Based on Poiseuille’s Law218
  • V. Agronomic Applications of Poiseuille’s Law222
  • VI. Appendix: Biography of J.L.M. Poiseuille225
  • VII. Appendix: Biography of Osborne Reynolds225
  • Chapter 15. Gardner’s Equation for Water Movement to Plant Roots229
  • I. Description of the Equation229
  • II. Assumptions231
  • III. Values for the Rate of Water Uptake231
  • IV. Examples233
  • V. Effect of Wet and Dry Soil233
  • VI. Effect of Root Radius234
  • VII. Comparison of Matric Potential at Root and in Soil for Different Rates of Water Uptake235
  • VIII. Effect of Root Distribution on Wilting236
  • IX. Final Comment237
  • X. Appendix: Biography of Wilford Gardner237
  • Chapter 16. Measurement of Water Potential with Thermocouple Psychrometers241
  • I. Relation Between Water Potential and Relative Humidity241
  • II. Thermoelectric Effects242
  • III. Joule Heating244
  • IV. Thermoelectric Power245
  • V. Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Temperature246
  • VI. Calibration247
  • VII. Importance of Isothermal Conditions When Making Measurements248
  • VIII. Types of Thermocouple Psychrometers249
  • IX. Appendix: Biography of J.C.A. Peltier257
  • X. Appendix: Biography of James Prescott Joule.257
  • XI. Appendix: Biography of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin258
  • Chapter 17. Measurement of Water Potential with Pressure Chambers263
  • I. Comparison of Measurements Made With the Pressure Chamber and the Thermocouple Psychrometer263
  • II. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Pressure Chamber268
  • III. Hydraulic Press271
  • IV. Pump-Up Pressure Chamber274
  • V. Appendix: Biography of Per Scholander274
  • VI. Appendix: Biography of John Boyer276
  • Chapter 18. Stem Anatomy and Measurement of Osmotic Potential and Turgor Potential Using Pressure-Vo281
  • I. Stem Anatomy281
  • II. Measurement of the Components of the Water Potential287
  • III. Osmotic Potential (ψS)289
  • IV. Theory of Scholander Pressure-Volume Curves289
  • V How to Analyze a Pressure-Volume Curve295
  • VI. Turgor Potential (ψP)298
  • VII. Measurement of Plant Water Content and Relative Water Content300
  • VIII.Osmometer305
  • IX. Appendix: Biography of Wilhelm Pfeffer308
  • X. Appendix: Biography of Jacobus van’t Hoff310
  • XI. Appendix: Biography of Rudolf Clausius311
  • Chapter 19. The Ascent of Water in Plants315
  • I. The Problem315
  • II. How Water Gets to the Top of Tall Buildings and Animals316
  • III. Cohesion Theory317
  • IV. Limitations of the Cohesion Theory319
  • V. Alternative Theory to the Cohesion Theory327
  • VI. New Techniques to Confirm the Cohesion Theory331
  • VII. Controvery About the Cohesion Theory332
  • VIII. Potentials in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum332
  • IX. Appendix: Biography of Henry Dixon335
  • X. Appendix: Biography of John Joly336
  • Chapter 20. Electrical Analogues for Water Movement through the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum341
  • I. The Analogy341
  • II. Measurement of Resistance With the Wheatstone Bridge342
  • III. Law of Resistance343
  • IV. Units of Electrical Conductivity345
  • V. Example of an Electrical Analogue Applied to Soil With Wormholes346
  • VI. Van den Honert’s Equation347
  • VII. Proof of van den Honert’s Equation349
  • VIII. Appendix: Biography of Georg Ohm350
  • IX. Appendix: Biography of Charles Wheatstone352
  • X. Appendix: Biographies of Members of the Siemens Family353
  • Chapter 21. Leaf Anatomy and Leaf Elasticity357
  • I. Leaf Anatomy357
  • II. Internal Water Relations363
  • III. Elasticity366
  • IV. Elasticity Applied to Plant Leaves369
  • V. Appendix: Biography of Robert Hooke374
  • VI. Appendix: Biography of Thomas Young375
  • Chapter 22. Stomata and Measurement of Stomatal Resistance379
  • I. Definition of Stomata and Their Distribution379
  • II. Stomatal Anatomy of Dicots and Monocots380
  • III. Stomatal Density381
  • IV. Diffusion of Gases Through Stomatal Pores383
  • V. Guard Cells384
  • VI. Mechanism of Stomatal Opening386
  • VII. Boundary Layer387
  • VIII. Leaf Resistances388
  • IX. Measurement of Stomatal Aperture and Stomatal Resistance392
  • X. Theory of Mass-Flow and Diffusion Porometers395
  • XI. Appendix: Biography of Adolf Fick397
  • Chapter 23. Solar Radiation, Black Bodies, Heat Budget, and Radiation Balance403
  • I. Solar Radiation403
  • II. Terrestrial Radiation404
  • III. Definition of a Black Body406
  • IV. Example of a Black Body408
  • V. Temperature of a Black Body409
  • VI. Gray Body410
  • VII. Spectrum of a Black Body410
  • VIII. Sun’s Temperature412
  • IX. Earth’s Temperature413
  • X. Comparison of Solar and Terrestrial Radiation413
  • XI. Heat Budget414
  • XII. Radiation Balance416
  • XIII. Appendix: Biography of Gustav Kirchhoff418
  • XIV. Appendix: Biography of Josef Stefan420
  • XV. Appendix: Biography of Ludwig Boltzmann421
  • XVI. Appendix: Biography of Wilhelm Wien422
  • Chapter 24. Measurement of Canopy Temperature with Infrared Thermometers425
  • I. Infrared Thermometers426
  • II. Definitions427
  • III. Principles of Infrared Thermometry427
  • IV. Use of a Portable Infrared Thermometer430
  • V. Calibration of Infrared Thermometers431
  • VI. Advantages of Infrared Thermometers432
  • VII. Appendix: Biography of Ray Jackson433
  • Chapter 25. Stress-Degree-Day Concept and Crop-Water-Stress Index437
  • I. Stress-Degree-Day Procedure437
  • II. Canopy-Minus-Air Temperature and Evapotranspiration440
  • III. Crop-Water-Stress Index443
  • IV. How to Calculate the Crop-Water-Stress Index448
  • V. Crop-Water-Stress Index for Alfalfa, Soybeans, and Cotton448
  • VI. Importance of a Wide Range of Vapor-Pressure Deficit Values451
  • VII. Appendix: Biography of Sherwood Idso451
  • Chapter 26. Potential Evapotranspiration455
  • I. Definition of Potential Evapotranspiration455
  • II. Factors That Affect Potential Evapotranspiration455
  • III. Advection464
  • IV. Example Calculation to Determine Potential Evapotranspiration464
  • V. Appendix: Biography of Howard Penman466
  • Chapter 27. Water and Yield469
  • I. De Wit’s Analysis469
  • II. Relationship Between Yield and Transpiration and Yield and Evapotranspiration471
  • III. Water and Marketable Yield478
  • IV. Water and Quality478
  • V. Crop-Water-Use Efficiency479
  • VI. Appendix: Biography of Cornelius de Wit482
  • Index485
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780124097513
  • ISBN-13 9780080492162
  • Author Kirkham, M.B.
  • Category Science
  • Subject Applied Sciences

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Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations combines biology and physics to show how water moves through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. This text explores the instrumentation and the methods used to measure the status of water in soil and plants. Principles are clearly presented with the aid of diagrams, anatomical figures, and images of instrumentation. The methods on instrumentation can be used by researchers, consultants, and the military to monitor soil degradation, including measurements of soil compaction, repellency, oxygen diffusion rate, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.

Intended for graduate students in plant and soil science programs, this book also serves as a useful reference for agronomists, plant ecologists, and agricultural engineers.

* Principles are presented in an easy-to-understand style
* Heavily illustrated with more than 200 figures; diagrams are professionally drawn
* Anatomical figures show root, stem, leaf, and stomata
* Figures of instruments show how they work
* Book is carefully referenced, giving sources for all information
* Struggles and accomplishments of scientists who developed the theories are given in short biographies.