Principles of Tissue Engineering
Lanza, Robert; Langer, Robert; Vacanti, Joseph P.
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Contributorsxxii
- Forewordxxix
- Preface to the Second Editionxxxi
- Preface to the First Editionxxxiii
- Tissue Engineering in Perspectivexxxv
- Origins of Tissue Engineeringxxxv
- The Tissue Engineering Triadxxxv
- What Parts of the Body Can Tissue Engineering Replace?xxxvi
- Acellular Prosthesesxxxvii
- The Relevance of Developmental Biologyxxxvii
- Can Nature Be Imitated?xxxviii
- The Need for Vascularization in Vitro and in Vivoxxxix
- Stem Cellsxxxix
- Cell Signalingxxxix
- Looking Forwardxl
- Referencesxl
- Introduction to Tissue Engineering1
- Chapter 1. The History and Scope of Tissue Engineering3
- Introduction3
- Scientific Challenges4
- General Scientific Issues6
- Social Challenges6
- References7
- Chapter 2. The Challenge of Imitating Nature9
- Introduction9
- Cell Technology10
- Construct Technology12
- Integration into the Living System13
- Concluding Discussion14
- References15
- Part I: The Basis of Growth and Differentiation17
- Chapter 3. Organization of Cells into Higher Ordered Structures19
- Introduction19
- Cellular Changes Involved in the EMT20
- Stimuli of the Transformation24
- Conclusion26
- References27
- Chapter 4. Dynamics of Cell–ECM Interactions33
- Introduction33
- Composition and Diversity of the ECM34
- Receptors for Extracellular Matrix Molecules34
- Cell–ECM Interactions36
- Signal Transduction Events during Cell–ECM Interactions42
- Relevance for Tissue Engineering46
- References48
- Chapter 5. Matrix Molecules and Their Ligands57
- Introduction57
- Fibrillar Collagens: Major Scaffold Proteins in the ECM58
- Elastic Fibers and Microfibrils63
- Fibronectin: A Multidomain, Multifunctional Adhesive ECM Glycoprotein63
- Laminins: Large, Adhesive Basement Membrane Molecules64
- Modulators of Cell–Matrix Interactions66
- Proteoglycans: Multifunctional ECM and Cell Surface Molecules67
- Summary68
- References68
- Chapter 6. Inductive Phenomena73
- Introduction73
- Epithelial to Mesenchymal Signaling in Endoderm Development73
- Lung Development and Instructive Signaling73
- Permissive Signaling during Pancreas Development75
- References78
- Chapter 7. Morphogenesis and Tissue Engineering81
- Introduction81
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins82
- Cartilage-Derived Morphogenetic Proteins84
- Pleitropy and Thresholds85
- BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix85
- BMPs: Actions Beyond Bone85
- BMP Receptors85
- Responding Stem Cells86
- Morphogens and Gene Therapy87
- Biomimetic Biomaterials87
- Tissue Engineering of Bones and Joints88
- Future Challenges88
- References89
- Chapter 8. Cell Determination and Differentiation93
- Introduction93
- Roles of MRFs during Embryogenesis94
- Initiation of Skeletal Muscle Development95
- References96
- Part II: In Vitro Control of Tissue Development99
- Chapter 9. Mechanical and Chemical Determinants of Tissue Development101
- Introduction101
- Extracellular Matrix Structure and Function101
- Pattern Formation through ECM Remodeling104
- Mechanochemical Switching between Growth and Differentiation105
- Summary107
- References108
- Chapter 10. Animal Cell Culture111
- References116
- Chapter 11. Regulation of Cell Behavior by Matricellular Proteins119
- Introduction119
- Matricellular Proteins119
- Conclusions124
- References125
- Chapter 12. Growth Factors129
- Introduction129
- Wound Healing130
- Role of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Angiogenesis136
- Other Roles of Growth Factors and Cytokines137
- Conclusions137
- References137
- Chapter 13. Tissue Engineering Bioreactors143
- Introduction143
- Cell–Polymer Constructs143
- Bioreactor Technologies144
- Bioreactor Modulation of Tissue Formation147
- Bioreactor Cultivation of Functional Tissues151
- Tissue Engineering Bioreactors: State of the Art152
- Summary and Research Needs154
- References154
- Chapter 14. Tissue Assembly in Microgravity157
- Introduction157
- Microgravity as a Novel Tissue Culture Venue158
- Vascularization: Overcoming Size Limitations of Tissue Assemblies159
- From Single Cells to Tissues in Space159
- In Vitro Embryology160
- Gravitational Sensing161
- Caveats161
- Conclusions162
- References162
- Part III: In Vivo Synthesis of Tissues and Organs165
- Chapter 15. In Vivo Synthesis of Tissues and Organs167
- Scale of Functional Deficit: Macromolecule versus Organ167
- Basic Parameters of the Living Environment during in Vivo Organ Synthesis168
- Fundamental Design Principles for Tissue and Organ Regeneration Templates170
- Examples of in Vivo Organ Synthesis174
- Summary177
- References177
- Part IV. Models for Tissue Engineering179
- Chapter 16. Organotypic and Histiotypic Models of Engineered Tissues181
- Introduction181
- The Collagen Gel Model181
- Models of Cell Interactions in Collagen Lattices182
- Other Types of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Models184
- Vascular Models186
- Selection of Scaffolds Other Than Gels for Model Systems188
- Cell Signaling and the Enrichment of Scaffolds189
- Goals and Uses of Model Tissue and Organ Building190
- References191
- Chapter 17. Quantitative Aspects of Tissue Engineering: Basic Issues in Kinetics, Transport, and Mec195
- Introduction195
- Molecular Interactions with Cells198
- Molecular and Cell Transport through Tissue198
- Cell and Tissue Mechanics201
- References205
- Part V: Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering207
- Chapter 18. Patterning of Cells and Their Environment209
- Introduction209
- Soft Lithography209
- Self-Assembled Monolayers210
- Microcontact Printing212
- Microfluidic Patterning214
- Laminar Flow Patterning216
- Conclusion and Future Prospects217
- References218
- Chapter 19. Cell Interactions with Polymers221
- Introduction221
- Methods for Characterizing Cell Interactions with Polymers221
- Cell Interaction with Polymer Surfaces224
- Cell Interactions with Polymers in Suspension229
- Cell Interactions with Three-Dimensional Polymer Scaffolds and Gels230
- References231
- Chapter 20. Matrix Effects237
- Introduction237
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Their Receptors237
- Model Systems for Study of Matrix Interactions242
- Cell Pattern Formation by Substrate Patterning244
- Signal Transduction and Functional Regulation via the Extracellular Matrix244
- Translation to Working Biomaterial Systems246
- References246
- Chapter 21. Polymer Scaffold Processing251
- Introduction251
- Fiber Bonding252
- Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching253
- Membrane Lamination255
- Melt Molding256
- Extrusion256
- Three-Dimensional Printing257
- Gas Foaming257
- Freeze Drying258
- Phase Separation258
- Polymer/Ceramic Composite Foams259
- In Situ Polymerization260
- Conclusions261
- References261
- Chapter 22. Biodegradable Polymers263
- Introduction263
- Biodegradable Polymer Selection Criteria263
- Biologically Derived Bioresorbables264
- Experimental Biologically Derived Bioresorbables266
- Creating Materials for Tissue-Engineered Products273
- Conclusion274
- References274
- Part VI: Transplantation of Engineered Cells and Tissues279
- Chapter 23. Approaches to Transplanting Engineered Cells and Tissues281
- Introduction281
- Developing Workable Strategies281
- Mode of Action„An Important Design Consideration283
- Role of the Host284
- Source of Cells285
- The Immunology of Nonautologous Cells287
- Safety Considerations288
- Conclusion288
- References289
- Chapter 24. Cryopreservation293
- Introduction293
- Applications of Cryopreservation Technology in Tissue Engineering293
- Challenges in Cryopreservation Protocol Development294
- Cryobiology of Cells295
- Cryobiology of Tissue302
- Summary and Future Directions304
- References305
- Chapter 25. Immunomodulation309
- Introduction309
- Origin of the Designer Tissue Concept310
- Expansion of Research on Designer Tissues311
- Mechanisms of Graft Survival after Class I Donor Ablation or Antibody Masking314
- The Launching of Xenogeneic Human Clinical Trials in the United States Using Immunomodulation316
- Gene Addition317
- RNA Ablation317
- Comment318
- References318
- Chapter 26. Immunoisolation321
- Introduction321
- Technology321
- Clinical323
- Future Directions326
- References328
- Chapter 27. Engineering Challenges in Immunoisolation Device Development331
- Introduction331
- Engineering Challenges331
- Oxygen-Supply Limitations336
- Theoretical Analysis of in Situ Oxygen Generation339
- Calculations345
- Concluding Remarks348
- References348
- Part VII: Fetal Tissue Engineering351
- Chapter 28. Fetal Tissue Engineering353
- Introduction353
- General Characteristics of Fetal Cells354
- The Fetus as a Transplantation Host355
- Fetal Tissue Engineering357
- Ethical Considerations360
- Future Perspectives363
- References364
- Chapter 29. Pluripotent Stem Cells369
- Introduction369
- Differentiation in Vitro371
- Examples of in Vitro Differentiation and Markers374
- In Vivo Applications376
- Summary and Future Prospects378
- References378
- Part VIII: Gene Therapy383
- Chapter 30. Gene-Based Therapeutics385
- Introduction385
- Gene Delivery386
- Persistent Gene Expression390
- Safety Considerations for Gene-Based Therapeutics394
- Large-Scale Production Issues396
- Conclusion397
- References397
- Part IX. Breast407
- Chapter 31. Breast Reconstruction409
- Introduction409
- Cell Types for Soft Tissue Engineering410
- Materials412
- Animal Models417
- Strategies to Enhance the Vascularization of Engineered Tissue419
- Concluding Remarks420
- References420
- Part X: Cardiovascular System425
- Chapter 32. Blood Vessels427
- Introduction427
- Graft Healing428
- Strategies for the Development of Vascular Grafts432
- References441
- Chapter 33. Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts447
- Introduction447
- Synthetic Grafts448
- In Vitro Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering448
- In Vivo Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels449
- Summary453
- References453
- Chapter 34. Cardiac Prostheses455
- Introduction455
- A Short History of Tissue Heart Valves456
- The Status of Tissue Valves in 1999459
- The Issue of Whether to Use a Stent461
- The Issue of Repair versus Replacement463
- Speculation about the Future463
- Recent Developments464
- The Ideal Valve Repair or Replacement465
- References466
- Part XI: Cornea469
- Chapter 35. Cornea471
- Introduction471
- Biology of the Cornea473
- Criteria for Keratoprostheses477
- Development of the Keratoprosthesis478
- Evaluation of Intact Devices484
- Other Devices Used to Change the Curvature of the Cornea489
- References489
- Part XII: Endocrinology and Metabolism493
- Chapter 36. Bioartificial Pancreas495
- Introduction495
- Theoretical Background497
- Experiment500
- Capsule Development501
- Discussion504
- References505
- Chapter 37. Parathyroid509
- History of Parathyroid Allotransplantation509
- Hypoparathyroidism511
- Microencapsulation517
- Alginates517
- Experimental and Clinical Transplantation of Microencapsulated Parathyroid Tissue518
- Alternative Approaches and Perspectives518
- References519
- Part XIII: Gastrointestinal System523
- Chapter 38. Alimentary Tract525
- Introduction525
- Enterocyte Isolation528
- Procedural Steps530
- Discussion532
- References537
- Chapter 39. Liver541
- Introduction541
- Anatomy and Function of the Liver541
- Liver Failure: Pathophysiological Classification544
- Mechanisms of HE in Liver Failure545
- Medical Need for Liver-Assist Devices545
- Biological Component of Liver-Assist Devices546
- Liver-Assist Device Configurations548
- References550
- Chapter 40. HepatAssist Liver Support System553
- Introduction553
- HepatAssist System553
- Cell Preparation553
- Clinical Study554
- Conclusion557
- References557
- Chapter 41. Lineage Biology and Liver559
- Introduction559
- Liver Organization and Development560
- Identification, Isolation, and Sourcing of Cells for Tissue Engineering562
- Sourcing of Human Cells for Tissue Engineering569
- Microenvironment570
- Biodegradable Polymers576
- Designing Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering583
- Technical Aspects of Tissue Engineering585
- Future Considerations587
- Summary588
- References589
- Part XIV: Hematopoietic System599
- Chapter 42. Red Blood Cell Substitutes601
- Introduction601
- Why Do We Have to Modify Hemoglobin?601
- Sources of Hemoglobin605
- Circulating Time of Modified Hemoglobin606
- Safety of Modified Hemoglobin Blood Substitute606
- Efficacy of Modified Hemoglobin Blood Substitute607
- Present Status and Future Research and Development607
- References608
- Chapter 43. Lymphoid Cells611
- Introduction611
- Lymphocyte Engineering: Reality and Potential612
- Concluding Remarks and Prospects for Lymphocyte Engineering625
- References626
- Chapter 44. Hematopoietic Stem Cells631
- Introduction631
- Overview of Hematopoiesis: Properties and Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Relevant to Tissue632
- Organization of the Stem Cell Compartment633
- Stromal Microenvironments633
- References638
- Part XV: Kidney and Genitourinary System643
- Chapter 45. Renal Replacement Devices645
- Introduction645
- Basics of Kidney Function645
- Tissue Engineering Approach to Renal Function Replacement646
- Summary652
- References652
- Chapter 46. Genitourinary System655
- Introduction655
- Tissue Engineering Strategies in the Genitourinary System655
- Engineering Genitourinary Tissues656
- Future Directions664
- References664
- Part XVI. Musculoskeletal System669
- Chapter 47. Structural Tissue Engineering671
- Introduction671
- Materials Development672
- Structural Tissues674
- Biomechanics679
- Conclusion680
- References680
- Chapter 48. Bone Regeneration through Cellular Engineering683
- Introduction683
- Marrow: The Source of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells683
- Delivery of Osteoprogenitor Cells687
- Bone Regeneration by MSCs689
- MSCs and Gene Therapy692
- Prevention of Age-Related Bone Loss693
- Conclusion694
- References694
- Chapter 49. Articular Cartilage Injury697
- Introduction697
- Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation699
- Commercialization of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation701
- Alternative Strategies for the Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies for Cartilage Repair706
- Conclusions707
- References708
- Chapter 50. Tendons and Ligamensts711
- Introduction711
- The Need for Bioengineered Tendon and Ligament Substitutes711
- Histologic Description of Tendons and Ligaments712
- Production of Bioengineered Tendons and Ligaments713
- A New Living Bioengineered Ligament Model713
- Technical Steps to Produce and Analyze Our bACL715
- Conclusions718
- Perspectives in Tendon and Ligament Bioengineering719
- References720
- Chapter 51. Mechanosensory Mechanisms in Bone723
- Introduction723
- The Connected Cellular Network724
- Mechanosensation on the CCN725
- Questions for Future Research; Socratic Questions731
- References732
- Chapter 52. Myoblast Therapy739
- Introduction739
- Myoblast-Mediated Gene Transfer739
- Therapeutic Myoblast Transplantation for Myopathies740
- References745
- Part XVII: Nervous System749
- Chapter 53. Protection and Repair of Hearing751
- Introduction751
- Basis for Interventions751
- Methods of Intervention755
- Conclusions757
- References757
- Chapter 54. Vision Enhancement Systems761
- Visual System: Architecture and (Dys)Function761
- Possible Approaches to Vision Restoration763
- Current Approaches763
- Applications of Engineered Cells and Tissues: Challenges and Tentative Solutions768
- Toward 2020Ž Vision770
- References770
- Chapter 55. Brain Implants773
- Introduction773
- Naked Cell Implants773
- Encapsulated Cell Implants777
- Controlled-Release Implants777
- Axonal Guidance Implants778
- Disease Targets778
- Surgical Considerations780
- Conclusions780
- References780
- Chapter 56. Nerve Regeneration785
- Nerve Regeneration and Neural Tissue Engineering785
- Overview of Neural Regeneration786
- Experimental Use of Guidance Channels788
- Biomaterial-Based Approaches to Nerve Repair790
- Tissue Engineering Approaches to Nerve Repair794
- Specificity of Nerve Reconnections796
- Summary796
- References796
- Chapter 57. Transplantation Strategies for Treatment of Spinal Cord Dysfunction and Injury799
- Introduction799
- Spinal Implants as Axon Bridges799
- Spinal Implants for Replacement of Specific Cell Populations805
- Spinal Implants for Provision of Neurotransmitters808
- References813
- Chapter 58. Neural Stem Cells821
- Introduction821
- Background821
- Neural Stem Cell Applications in Tissue Engineering824
- Summary828
- References828
- Part XVIII: Periodontal and Dental Applications831
- Chapter 59. Periodontal Applications833
- Introduction833
- Guided Tissue Regeneration834
- Bone Substitutes836
- Dental Implants838
- Growth Factors and Plasma Proteins839
- Cell Culture Techniques843
- Conclusion843
- References843
- Chapter 60. Regeneration of Dentin847
- Introduction847
- Dentin847
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins847
- Induction Potential of Dentin848
- Recombinant Human BMPs Induce Dentin Formation848
- Delivery Systems850
- Clinical Considerations850
- Additional Considerations851
- Potential Applications of BMP-Induced Dentinogenesis851
- References852
- Part XIX: Skin855
- Chapter 61. Wound Repair: Basic Biology to Tissue Engineering857
- Introduction857
- Inflammation858
- Epithelialization858
- Granulation Tissue862
- Wound Contraction and Extracellular Matrix Reorganization868
- References870
- Chapter 62. Skin879
- Introduction879
- Skin Structure and Function880
- Engineering Skin Tissue883
- Epidermal Regeneration884
- Dermal Replacement884
- Composite Skin Grafts885
- Conclusion887
- References887
- Chapter 63. Dermal Equivalents891
- Introduction891
- Cell Testing and Establishment of Manufacturing Cell Banks891
- Manufacturing a Dermal Replacement891
- Clinical Results of Wound Healing900
- Summary901
- References901
- Part XX: Womb903
- Chapter 64. Artificial Womb905
- What Does the Field of Tissue Engineering Have to Offer the Premature Infant?906
- Prematurity„The Consequences906
- The Ideal Artificial Womb907
- State-of-the-Art Artificial Placenta Design909
- Organ Maturation during Maintenance with Artificial Womb911
- Variations of Artificial Womb Technology911
- Conclusion912
- References912
- Part XXI: Regulatory Issues913
- Chapter 65. Regulatory Considerations915
- Introduction915
- Legislative Authority/Oversight916
- Product Evaluation and the Regulatory Process917
- Recent Developments in Product Evaluation922
- Interaction between FDA Headquarters and Field Offices925
- Development of Standards925
- Communications with Industry926
- The FDA and Future Perspectives for Tissue-Engineered Medical Products927
- References927
- Epilogue929
- Index931
Book details
- Vendor Elsevier S & T
- SKU 9780124366305
- ISBN-13 9780080539676
- Author Lanza, Robert; Langer, Robert; Vacanti, Joseph P.
- Edition 2nd
- Category Medical
- Subject Biotechnology
Do you have questions about this book?
The opportunity that tissue engineering provides for medicine is extraordinary. In the United States alone, over half-a-trillion dollars are spent each year to care for patients who suffer from tissue loss or dysfunction. Although numerous books and reviews have been written on tissue engineering, none has been as comprehensive in its defining of the field. Principles of Tissue Engineering combines in one volume the prerequisites for a general understanding of tissue growth and development, the tools and theoretical information needed to design tissues and organs, as well as a presentation of applications of tissue engineering to diseases affecting specific organ systems. The first edition of the book, published in 1997, is the definite reference in the field. Since that time, however, the discipline has grown tremendously, and few experts would have been able to predict the explosion in our knowledge of gene expression, cell growth and differentiation, the variety of stem cells, new polymers and materials that are now available, or even the successful introduction of the first tissue-engineered products into the marketplace. There was a need for a new edition, and this need has been met with a product that defines and captures the sense of excitement, understanding and anticipation that has followed from the evolution of this fascinating and important field.
Key Features
* Provides vast, detailed analysis of research on all of the major systems of the human body, e.g., skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves
* Essential to anyone working in the field
* Educates and directs both the novice and advanced researcher
* Provides vast, detailed analysis of research with all of the major systems of the human body, e.g. skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves
* Has new chapters written by leaders in the latest areas of research, such as fetal tissue engineering and the universal cell
* Considered the definitive reference in the field
* List of contributors reads like a "who's who" of tissue engineering, and includes Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti, Charles Vacanti, Robert Nerem, A. Hari Reddi, Gail Naughton, George Whitesides, Doug Lauffenburger, and Eugene Bell, among others
Key Features
* Provides vast, detailed analysis of research on all of the major systems of the human body, e.g., skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves
* Essential to anyone working in the field
* Educates and directs both the novice and advanced researcher
* Provides vast, detailed analysis of research with all of the major systems of the human body, e.g. skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves
* Has new chapters written by leaders in the latest areas of research, such as fetal tissue engineering and the universal cell
* Considered the definitive reference in the field
* List of contributors reads like a "who's who" of tissue engineering, and includes Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti, Charles Vacanti, Robert Nerem, A. Hari Reddi, Gail Naughton, George Whitesides, Doug Lauffenburger, and Eugene Bell, among others
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