Elsevier S & T

Protein Adaptations and Signal Transduction

Storey, K.B.; Storey, J.M.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Contentsxi
  • Prefacev
  • List of Contributorsvii
  • Chapter 1. Signal Transduction and Gene Expression in the Regulation of Natural Freezing Survival1
  • 1. Strategies of winter survival in animals1
  • 2. Freeze-induced gene expression3
  • 3. Freeze tolerance, glucose metabolism and signal transduction8
  • 4. Conclusions and future directions16
  • Acknowledgements16
  • References16
  • Chapter 2. Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Transgenic Expression of Antifreeze Proteins21
  • 1. Introduction21
  • 2. Properties of AFPs21
  • 3. Drosophila as a model system for fish AFP expression22
  • 4. Prospects for the transgenic expression of other AFPs26
  • 5. Cautions and conclusions27
  • Acknowledgements27
  • References27
  • Chapter 3. Cold-adapted Enzymes: An Unachieved Symphony31
  • 1. Introduction31
  • 2. The low temperature challenge31
  • 3. Structural basis of adaptation to cold32
  • 4. The activity–stability–flexibility trilogy35
  • 5. Conclusion and perspectives39
  • Acknowledgements39
  • References40
  • Chapter 4. The Role of Cold-shock Proteins in Low-temperature Adaptation43
  • 1. Low-temperature adaptation and sensing43
  • 2. Cold-shock proteins and their role in cold and general stress adaptation47
  • 3. Regulatory elements involved in CSP synthesis50
  • 4. Perspectives53
  • Acknowledgements53
  • References53
  • Chapter 5. Hibernation: Protein Adaptations57
  • 1. Introduction57
  • 2. Adjustment of energy metabolism for needs of hibernators58
  • 3. Molecular mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in heart and skeletal muscles of mammals61
  • 4. Changes in the properties of enzyme systems responsible for the functional activity of heart and62
  • 5. Concluding remarks69
  • References69
  • Chapter 6. Aquaporins and water stress73
  • 1. Rationale73
  • 2. Introduction73
  • 3. Osmosis, diffusion and functional properties of aquaporins75
  • 4. Uphill flow of water78
  • 5. Desert kangaroo rat and aquaporin distributions79
  • 6. Physiology of AQP3 and AQP481
  • 7. Water transport in liver and stomach81
  • 8. Adaptation83
  • 9. Concluding remarks83
  • Acknowledgements83
  • References83
  • Chapter 7. Gene Expression Associated with Muscle Adaptation in Response to Physical Signals-87
  • 1. Introduction87
  • 2. Mechanical factors that influence myosin heavy chain gene expression in mammalian muscle88
  • 3. Metabolic adaptation in relation to activity89
  • 4. Switches in myosin gene expression in response to environmental temperature in fish muscle90
  • 5. Molecular motor switching in response to muscle activity91
  • 6. Local control of muscle mass and phenotype91
  • 7. Action of MGF in inducing muscle hypertrophy93
  • 8. Binding protein and local action of growth factors94
  • 9. Mechanotransduction mechanisms94
  • 10. Summary and conclusions94
  • References95
  • Chapter 8. Early Responses to Mechanical Stress: From Signals at the Cell Surface to Altered Gene Ex97
  • 1. Introduction97
  • 2. Mechanical stress and tissue homeostasis97
  • 3. Mechanosensation at the cell surface98
  • 4. Early generation of chemical signals at the cell surface100
  • 5. Triggering of intracellular signalling cascades103
  • 6. Transcriptional activation of mechano-responsive genes: examples104
  • 7. Conclusions and perspectives106
  • Acknowledgements107
  • References107
  • Chapter 9. Fasting and Refeeding: Models of Changes in Metabolic Efficiency111
  • 1. Introduction111
  • 2. Biochemical and physiological changes associated with fasting and energy restriction112
  • 3. Biochemical changes associated with refeeding116
  • 4. Metabolic depression and metabolic efficiency117
  • References123
  • Chapter 10. Nutritional Regulation of Hepatic Gene Expression129
  • 1. Introduction„energy homeostasis129
  • 2. Role of the liver in energy homeostasis129
  • 3. Fatty acid oxidation and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor130
  • 4. Lipogenesis and the induction of lipogenic enzyme genes133
  • 5. Lipogenesis and the sterol regulatory element binding protein134
  • 6. Lipogenesis and the carbohydrate responsive transcription factor136
  • 7. Model for lipogenic enzyme gene regulation139
  • 8. Conclusions140
  • References141
  • Chapter 11. The AMP-activated/SNF1 Protein Kinases: Key Players in the Response of Eukaryotic Cells145
  • 1. Introduction145
  • 2. Early studies of the AMPK/SNF1 protein kinases145
  • 3. Structure of the AMPK/SNF1 kinases147
  • 4. Regulation of the AMPK/SNF1 kinases149
  • 5. Cellular stresses that switch on the AMPK/SNF1 systems151
  • 6. Target pathways and proteins for AMPK/SNF1 systems152
  • 7. Future perspectives157
  • Acknowledgements157
  • References158
  • Chapter 12. Cellular Regulation of Protein Kinase C163
  • 1. Protein kinase C: a central role in signaling163
  • 2. Structure, function, and regulation of protein kinase C163
  • 3. Protein kinase C in cell survival and programmed cell death167
  • 4. Perspectives170
  • References170
  • Chapter 13. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and stress175
  • 1. Introduction175
  • 2. The SAPK family176
  • 3. Dual-specificity protein kinases of the SAPK pathway179
  • 4. Regulation of SAPK by MAPKKKs181
  • 5. The p38 MAPK family184
  • 6. Genetic analysis of p38a in mice185
  • 7. Concluding remarks188
  • Acknowledgements189
  • References189
  • Chapter 14. How to Activate Intrinsic Stress Resistance Mechanisms to Obtain Therapeutic Benefit195
  • 1. General introduction195
  • 2. Body' s defense against different forms of stress195
  • 3. Failure of the intrinsic defense198
  • 4. Possible avenues for reversal of stress-injury199
  • 5. Future directions200
  • Acknowledgements200
  • References200
  • Chapter 15. Regulation of Ion Channel Function and Expression by Hypoxia203
  • 1 Cellular responses to acute hypoxia203
  • 2. The carotid body203
  • 3. O2-sensitive K+ channels in other tissues205
  • 4. O2-sensitive Ca2+ channels206
  • 5. Other O2-sensitive ion channels206
  • 6. Mechanisms of O2 sensing206
  • 7. Chronic hypoxia208
  • 8. Conclusions210
  • Acknowledgements210
  • References210
  • Chapter 16. Ca2+ Dynamics Under Oxidant Stress in the Cardiovascular System213
  • 1. Introduction213
  • 2. Ca2+ influx from extracellular to intracellular space213
  • 3. Ca2+ extrusion from intracellular space to extracellular space217
  • 4. Ca2+ translocating processes of sarcoplasmic reticulum219
  • 5. Protein bound Ca220
  • 6. Mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics220
  • 7. Consequences of oxidant induced increase in [Ca2+]222
  • 8. Future prospects223
  • Acknowledgements224
  • References224
  • Chapter 17. Role of NF-E2 Related Factors in Oxidative Stress229
  • 1. Oxidative stress229
  • 2. Oxidative stress-activated defensive mechanisms229
  • 3. Transcription factor NF-kB230
  • 4. NF-E2 Related factors231
  • 5. Role of NF-E2 related factors in protection against oxidative stress232
  • 6. Nrf1 and Nrf2 associated factors233
  • 7. Mechanism of Nrf signaling and activation of ARE-mediated expression and coordinated induction of234
  • Acknowledgements235
  • References235
  • Chapter 18. Signal Transduction Cascades Responsive to Oxidative Stress in the Vasculature-239
  • 1. Introduction: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases239
  • 2. Cellular sensors of oxidative stress240
  • 3. Redox regulation of phospholipid-dependent signaling243
  • 4. Mitogen activated protein kinases as the primary redox-sensitive signal mediators244
  • 5. Regulation of gene expression and protein secretion by oxidative stress247
  • 6. Conclusion248
  • References249
  • Chapter 19. Oxidative Stress Signaling253
  • 1. Introduction253
  • 2. Key Sources of ROS generation253
  • 3. ROS as second messengers in mitogenic signaling254
  • 4. Role of ROS in signal transduction255
  • 5. Transcriptional regulation by ROS257
  • 6. ROS regulation of NF-kB258
  • 7. ROS in apoptosis259
  • References259
  • Chapter 20. Antioxidant Defenses and Animal Adaptation to Oxygen Availability During Environmental S263
  • 1. Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress263
  • 2. Natural anoxia tolerance and adaptations to oxidative stress265
  • 3. Oxidative stress and natural freeze tolerance in vertebrates274
  • 4. Oxidative stress and dehydration tolerance in leopard frogs277
  • 5. Estivation and oxidative stress in land snails and toads278
  • 6. Conclusions, speculations and perspectives282
  • Acknowledgements284
  • References284
  • Index289
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444507594
  • ISBN-13 9780080539966
  • Author Storey, K.B.; Storey, J.M.
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Biochemistry

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This volume of Cell and Molecular Responses to Stress has two broad themes: an examination of selected protein adaptations that support stress tolerance and an analysis of signal transduction systems, those critical links between the perception of stress and the activation of the coordinated metabolic responses that ensure survival. Several chapters deal with adaptive responses to environmental cold temperature and highlight novel advances in mammalian hibernation, low temperature enzyme function, cold-shock and antifreeze proteins, and freezing survival. Other chapters stretch out to explore biochemical responses to diverse stresses including water stress, mechanical stress, nutrient availability, oxygen limitation and oxidative stress. The integral roles of protein kinases, transcription factors, oxygen free radicals, and oxygen-sensitive ion channels in the detection and mediation of stress responses are explored. The multiplicity of responses is emphasized and shows us the vast potential of cells and organisms to respond to innumerable stresses, great and small, and the regulatory principles and mechanisms that are used to allow life to adapt and endure in every environment on Earth.


Featuring:


  • A discussion of new advances in understanding protein adaptations that support organismal survival of stress.

  • State-of-the-art analysis of key components of cellular signal transduction pathways including protein kinases and calcium and the control, integration and action of signal transduction pathways in response to stresses including mechanical stress, nutrient availability, oxidative stress.