Radiation Mechanics: Principles & Practice
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexi
- List of Algorithmsxv
- Chapter 1. Mechanisms1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 Radiation3
- 1.2.1 Neutral particles3
- 1.2.2 Charged particles5
- 1.2.3 Photons5
- 1.3 Wave–Particle Duality7
- 1.3.1 Corpuscular nature of waves8
- 1.3.2 Wave nature of particles9
- 1.3.3 Uncertainty principle10
- 1.4 Nuclear/Atomic Fields11
- 1.4.1 Potential field12
- 1.4.2 Nuclear strong-force field13
- 1.4.3 Nuclear weak-force field14
- 1.4.4 Electromagnetic field14
- 1.4.5 Quantum states16
- 1.5 Atom and Nucleus19
- 1.5.1 Atomic structure19
- 1.5.2 Nuclear structure20
- 1.6 Nuclear Decay26
- 1.6.1 Kinetics27
- 1.6.2 Statistics28
- 1.6.3 Alpha decay29
- 1.6.4 Beta decay32
- 1.6.5 Gamma decay36
- 1.6.6 Internal conversion37
- 1.6.7 Spontaneous fission38
- 1.6.8 Decay by neutron or proton emission39
- 1.7 Reactions and Interactions40
- 1.7.1 Interaction with atomic electrons40
- 1.7.2 Interaction with electric field of atom45
- 1.7.3 Nuclear interactions46
- 1.8 Macroscopic Field53
- 1.8.1 Transport space54
- 1.8.2 Particle density and flux55
- 1.8.3 Atomic/nuclear density57
- 1.8.4 Interaction rate58
- 1.9 Problems60
- Chapter 2. Collision Kinematics67
- 2.1 Overview67
- 2.2 Center-of-Mass System68
- 2.3 Relativity74
- 2.3.1 Special theory of relativity74
- 2.3.2 Center of relativistic mass78
- 2.3.3 Lorentz transformation of momentum and energy79
- 2.4 Conservation Laws80
- 2.4.1 Stoichiometric conservation81
- 2.4.2 Intrinsic conservation81
- 2.4.3 Kinematical conservation82
- 2.5 Einsteinian Kinematics83
- 2.5.1 Two-body kinematics83
- 2.5.2 Analysis using invariants93
- 2.5.3 Non-elastic interactions98
- 2.5.4 Non-relativistic approximation103
- 2.6 Newtonian Kinematics104
- 2.7 Specific Interactions108
- 2.7.1 Elastic scattering109
- 2.7.2 Inelastic scattering114
- 2.7.3 Non-elastic collisions116
- 2.8 Electromagnetic Interactions123
- 2.8.1 Coulomb scattering123
- 2.8.2 Radiative collisions133
- 2.8.3 Diffraction144
- 2.9 Problems146
- Chapter 3. Cross Sections153
- 3.1 Introduction153
- 3.2 Nuclear Cross-Section Models156
- 3.2.1 Optical model156
- 3.2.2 Compound nucleus162
- 3.2.3 Continuum theory165
- 3.2.4 Evaporation165
- 3.2.5 Stripping166
- 3.2.6 Photonuclear reactions166
- 3.2.7 Nucleonic collisions168
- 3.3 Neutron Cross Sections168
- 3.3.1 Elastic scattering169
- 3.3.2 Inelastic scattering172
- 3.3.3 Radiative capture173
- 3.3.4 Fission174
- 3.3.5 Charged-particle production174
- 3.3.6 Energy and angular distribution175
- 3.3.7 Thermal neutrons179
- 3.4 Electrodynamics183
- 3.4.1 Quantum electrodynamics183
- 3.4.2 Feynman diagrams189
- 3.5 Photon Cross Sections194
- 3.5.1 Thomson scattering195
- 3.5.2 Compton scattering197
- 3.5.3 Rayleigh scattering203
- 3.5.4 Diffraction204
- 3.5.5 Photoelectric effect205
- 3.5.6 Pair production208
- 3.5.7 Triplet production213
- 3.5.8 Delbruck scattering213
- 3.6 Charged-Particle Cross Sections215
- 3.6.1 Coulomb scattering215
- 3.6.2 Rutherford scattering217
- 3.6.3 Mott scattering219
- 3.6.4 Bremsstrahlung220
- 3.6.5 Moller scattering224
- 3.6.6 Bhabha scattering226
- 3.6.7 Pair annihilation227
- 3.7 Data Libraries and Processing229
- 3.7.1 Libraries229
- 3.7.2 Processing and manipulation232
- 3.7.3 Compound and mixture cross sections237
- 3.8 Problems238
- Chapter 4. Transport247
- 4.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation247
- 4.1.1 Basics247
- 4.1.2 Transport in void251
- 4.1.3 Divergence law252
- 4.1.4 Attenuation law254
- 4.1.5 Point kernel255
- 4.1.6 Diffusion theory256
- 4.1.7 Adjoint transport equation257
- 4.2 Modal Solution Methods259
- 4.2.1 P[sub(1)] approximation262
- 4.2.2 Diffusion equation264
- 4.2.3 Numerical solution and computer codes266
- 4.3 Nodal Solution Methods266
- 4.3.1 Discretization of directions: discrete ordinates267
- 4.3.2 Discretization of time, energy, and space270
- 4.3.3 Multigroup approximation273
- 4.3.4 Discretization of transport equation273
- 4.3.5 Curved geometries275
- 4.3.6 Source term278
- 4.3.7 Solution of S[sub(n)] equations279
- 4.3.8 Computer codes283
- 4.4 Stochastic Methods284
- 4.4.1 Introduction284
- 4.4.2 Random variables and statistical basis285
- 4.4.3 Abstract analysis286
- 4.4.4 Random numbers292
- 4.4.5 Random number generation292
- 4.4.6 Sampling293
- 4.4.7 Particle transport296
- 4.4.8 Example302
- 4.4.9 Computer codes305
- 4.5 Transport of Charged Particles306
- 4.5.1 Special features306
- 4.5.2 Stopping power and range307
- 4.5.3 Transport307
- 4.6 Problems308
- Bibliography311
- Constants and Units315
- Useful Web Sites319
- Glossary321
- A321
- B321
- C321
- D321
- E321
- F321
- G321
- H321
- I321
- L321
- M321
- N322
- P322
- Q322
- S322
- X322
- Index323
Mechanics is the science of studying energy and forces, and their effects on matter. It involves mechanisms, kinematics, cross sections, and transport. Radiation mechanism describes how various types of radiation interact with different targets (atoms and nuclei). The book addresses the above four aspects of radiation mechanics integrating these aspects of radiation behavior in a single treatise under the framework of “radiation mechanics".
- Covers all aspects of radiation mechanics
- Helps non-nuclear graduates readily familiarize themselves with radiation
- Integrates and coordinates mechanisms, kinematics, cross sections and transport in one volume
- End of each chapter problems to further assist students in understanding the underlying concepts
- Use of computations and Internet resources included in the problems
- Covers all aspects of radiation mechanics
- Helps non-nuclear graduates readily familiarize themselves with radiation
- Integrates and coordinates mechanisms, kinematics, cross sections and transport in one volume
- End of each chapter problems to further assist students in understanding the underlying concepts
- Use of computations and Internet resources included in the problems