Radioactive Fallout after Nuclear Explosions and Accidents
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Table of contents
- Contentsxiii
- Summaryvii
- Prefaceix
- A Biographic Summary of the Authorxvii
- Glossary of Definitions and Unitsxxi
- Chapter 1. Fractionation of Radionuclides in Atmospheric Nuclear Explosions. Radioactive Aerosol Par1
- 1. Major Processes Influencing the Character of Radioactive Contamination after a Tropospheric Nucle1
- 2. Temperature Regime in the Fireball of a Tropospheric Nuclear Explosion3
- 3. Formation of Particle-carriers of Radioactivity. Role of Thermodynamic Conditions in the Fireball7
- 4. Radioactive Products from Nuclear Explosions12
- 5. Thermophysical Properties and Radioactive Transformations of Major Explosion Products26
- 6. Activation of Particles35
- 7. Characteristic Features of Fractionation of Radioactive Products from Tropospheric Nuclear Explos52
- 8. Quantitative Estimation of Fractionation Effects57
- 9. Conclusion61
- Chapter 2. Basic Features of Radioactive Particle Formation and Radionuclide Fractionation in Underg63
- 1. Development of an Underground Nuclear Explosion63
- 2. Release of Radioactivity into the Atmosphere and Formation of a Cloud and Base Surge in an Underg71
- 3. Characteristic Features of Radioactive Particles from an Underground Nuclear Explosion75
- 4. Fractionation of Nuclides in the Radioactive Particles Produced by Underground Nuclear Explosions80
- 5. Interpretation of Data on Fractionation. Scheme of Particle Activation in Underground Explosions87
- Chapter 3. Radionuclide Composition of Radioactive Fallout from Tropospheric Nuclear Explosions. Met93
- 1. Meteorological Aspects of Fractionation93
- 2. Radionuclide Composition of Fallout Near Ground-Zero Following Atmospheric and Surface Explosions97
- 3. Global and Long-Distance Fallout102
- Chapter 4. Radioactive Fallout from Underground Nuclear Explosions119
- 1. Characteristics of Major Cratering Explosions120
- 2. Radioactive Cloud123
- 3. Radioactive Contamination in the Bulk Zone and the Cloud Pattern125
- 4. Radionuclide Composition of the Fallout from an Underground Explosion135
- 5. Prediction of the Radioactive Contamination of Surrounding Land after an Underground Nuclear Expl140
- Chapter 5. Terrestrial Contamination from Chernobyl and Other Nuclear Power Station Accidents and it149
- 1. Dynamics of Radioactivity Release and the Conditions of Radioactive Aerosol Particle Formation fr150
- 2. Characteristic Features of Radioactive Aerosol Particles Produced by the Chernobyl Accident and T153
- 3. Terrestrial Contamination from the Chernobyl Accident156
- 4. Radionuclide Composition of the Terrestrial Contamination from the Chernobyl Accident163
- 5. Analysis and Reconstruction of the Source of Radioactivity Release from the Chernobyl Accident178
- 6. Modeling of Close-in Radioactive Deposition (Fallout) from the Chernobyl NPS Accident200
- 7. Characteristic Features of Radioactive Contamination from Various Nuclear Accidents205
- Chapter 6. Reconstruction of Contamination on the Old Patterns from Nuclear Explosions and Accidents213
- 1. The Problems Associated with the Reconstruction of Terrestrial Contamination Distributions213
- 2. Terrestrial Contamination after the Chernobyl NPS and Other Accidents215
- 3. Reconstruction of Terrestrial Contamination from Nuclear Explosions217
- Chapter 7. Gamma-Radiation Field Above the Fallout Patterns of a Nuclear Explosion231
- 1. Calculation of the Surface γ-Radiation Exposure Dose Rate231
- 2. Influence of Natural Environmental Conditions on the Surface γ-Field233
- 3. Aerial γ-survey. Determination of the Total Surface Density of the Terrestrial Contamination fro236
- 4. Aerial γ-survey. Estimation of the Surface Density of the Terrestrial Contamination by Individua239
- Chapter 8. Remediation of Contaminated Areas. Rehabilitation of Areas Subjected to Radioactive Conta243
- 1. Fractionation244
- 2. Radionuclide Mobility after Nuclear Explosions and Accidents245
- 3. Solubility and Biological Accessibility246
- 4. Radioactive Contamination of Vegetation and Experimental Data on the Uptake of Radionuclides by H251
- 5. Problems of Rehabilitation of Contaminated Areas. Agricultural Radioecology252
- 6. Practical Measures for the Restoration of Contaminated Territories257
- References263
- Subject Index275
To achieve successful solutions to the problems resulting from local, distant and global radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents and to achieve successful retrospective analyses of the radiation conditions from recent observations, certain information is needed: the distribution of the exposure dose rate in the atmosphere and in a country; the distribution of radionuclides in natural environments and the nuclide composition of the radioactive fallout; the features of formation of the aerosol particle-carriers of the radioactivity and of the nuclide distribution of the particles of different sizes formed under different conditions; the processes involved in the migration of radioactive products in different zones and environments; the external and internal effects of nuclear radiation on human beings.
This monograph is devoted to a number of these problems, namely, to studies of the radioactive fallout composition, the formation of the aerosol particles that transport the radioactive products and to the analysis of the external radiation doses resulting from nuclear explosions and/or accidents. Problems of restoration and rehabilitation of contaminated land areas are also touched upon in the monograph. To solve such problems one requires knowledge of the mobility of radionuclides, an understanding of their uptake by plants, their transportation within the food chain and finally their uptake by animal and/or human organisms.
The results of many years of study of radioactive fallout from atmospheric and underground nuclear explosions and accidents are summarized in this book. It is intended for various specialists - geophysicists, ecologists, health experts and inspectors, as well as those who are concerned with radioactive contamination of natural environments.