Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena
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Table of contents
- CONTENTSv
- Colour platesxvii
- Symbolsxxi
- Abbreviationsxxiii
- Preface to the first editionxxv
- Preface to the second editionxxvii
- Acknowledgementsxxix
- Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION1
- 1.1 The annealing of a deformed material1
- 1.2 Historical perspective4
- 1.3 Forces, pressures and units9
- Chapter 2. THE DEFORMED STATE11
- 2.1 Introduction11
- 2.2 The stored energy of cold work12
- 2.3 Crystal plasticity24
- 2.4 Cubic metals which deform by slip26
- 2.5 Cubic metals which deform by slip and twinning35
- 2.6 Close packed hexagonal (CPH) metals39
- 2.7 Deformation bands41
- 2.8 Shear bands44
- 2.9 The microstructures of deformed two-phase alloys48
- Chapter 3. DEFORMATION TEXTURES67
- 3.1 Introduction67
- 3.2 Deformation textures in face-centred cubic (FCC) metals68
- 3.3 Deformation textures in body-centred cubic (BCC) metals74
- 3.4 Deformation textures in close packed hexagonal (CPH) metals76
- 3.5 Fibre textures78
- 3.6 Factors which influence texture development79
- 3.7 Theories of deformation texture development83
- Chapter 4. THE STRUCTURE AND ENERGY OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES91
- 4.1 Introduction91
- 4.2 The orientation relationship between grains92
- 4.3 Low angle grain boundaries95
- 4.4 High angle grain boundaries98
- 4.5 The topology of boundaries and grains104
- 4.6 The interaction of second-phase particles with boundaries109
- Chapter 5. THE MOBILITY AND MIGRATION OF BOUNDARIES121
- 5.1 Introduction121
- 5.2 The mobility of low angle grain boundaries124
- 5.3 Measurements of the mobility of high angle boundaries134
- 5.4 Theories of the mobility of high angle boundaries153
- 5.5 The migration of triple junctions165
- Chapter 6. RECOVERY AFTER DEFORMATION169
- 6.1 Introduction169
- 6.2 Experimental measurements of recovery173
- 6.3 Dislocation migration and annihilation during recovery178
- 6.4 Rearrangement of dislocations into stable arrays185
- 6.5 Subgrain coarsening188
- 6.6 The effect of second-phase particles on recovery207
- Chapter 7. RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SINGLE-PHASE ALLOYS215
- 7.1 Introduction215
- 7.2 Factors affecting the rate of recrystallization221
- 7.3 The formal kinetics of primary recrystallization232
- 7.4 Recrystallization kinetics in real materials239
- 7.5 The recrystallized microstructure248
- 7.6 The nucleation of recrystallization250
- 7.7 Annealing Twins261
- Chapter 8. RECRYSTALLIZATION OF ORDERED MATERIALS269
- 8.1 Introduction269
- 8.2 Ordered structures270
- 8.3 Recovery and recrystallization of ordered materials274
- 8.4 Grain growth280
- 8.5 Dynamic recrystallization282
- 8.6 Summary282
- Chapter 9. RECRYSTALLIZATION OF TWO-PHASE ALLOYS285
- 9.1 Introduction285
- 9.2 The observed effects of particles on recrystallization287
- 9.3 Particle stimulated nucleation of recrystallization293
- 9.4 Particle pinning during recrystallization (Zener drag)304
- 9.5 Bimodal particle distributions306
- 9.6 The control of grain size by particles307
- 9.7 Particulate metal-matrix composites309
- 9.8 The interaction of precipitation and recrystallization310
- 9.9 The recrystallization of duplex alloys316
- Chapter 10. THE GROWTH AND STABILITY OF CELLULAR MICROSTRUCTURES321
- 10.1 Introduction321
- 10.2 The model322
- 10.3 Stability of single-phase microstructure326
- 10.4 Stability of two-phase microstructures329
- 10.5 Summary331
- Chapter 11. GRAIN GROWTH FOLLOWING RECRYSTALLIZATION333
- 11.1 Introduction333
- 11.2 The development of theories and models of grain growth341
- 11.3 Grain orientation and texture effects during grain growth351
- 11.4 The effect of second-phase particles on grain growth356
- 11.5 Abnormal grain growth368
- Chapter 12 RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES379
- 12.1 Introduction379
- 12.2 The nature of recrystallization textures380
- 12.3 The theory of recrystallization textures393
- 12.4 The evolution of textures during annealing403
- Chapter 13. HOT DEFORMATION AND DYNAMIC RESTORATION415
- 13.1 Introduction415
- 13.2 Dynamic recovery416
- 13.3 Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization427
- 13.4 Continuous dynamic recrystallization437
- 13.5 Dynamic recrystallization in minerals441
- 13.6 Annealing after hot deformation444
- Chapter 14. CONTINUOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION DURING AND AFTER LARGE STRAIN DEFORMATION451
- 14.1 Introduction451
- 14.2 Microstructural stability after large strains452
- 14.3 Deformation at ambient temperatures453
- 14.4 Deformation at elevated temperatures461
- 14.5 The stability of micron-grained microstructures against grain growth465
- Chapter 15. CONTROL OF RECRYSTALLIZATION469
- 15.1 Introduction469
- 15.2 Processing of some industrial aluminium alloys469
- 15.3 Texture control in cold rolled and annealed sheet steel478
- 15.4 Recent developments in grain oriented, silicon steel sheets488
- 15.5 Commercial superplastic aluminium alloys495
- 15.6 Sub-micron-grained alloys499
- Chapter 16. COMPUTER MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF ANNEALING507
- 16.1 Introduction507
- 16.2 Micro models509
- 16.3 Coupled models524
- Appendix 1. TEXTURE527
- A1.1 Representation of texture527
- A1.2 Measurement of macrotexture533
- A1.3 Measurement of microtexture535
- Appendix 2. THE MEASUREMENT OF RECRYSTALLIZATION541
- A2.1 Techniques for measuring recrystallization541
- A2.2 Driving pressure for recrystallization544
- A2.3 Fraction recrystallized545
- A2.4 Nucleation and growth rates546
- A2.5 Grain and subgrain size547
- A2.6 Grain boundary character distribution550
- A2.7 Grain boundary properties552
- A2.8 Parameters of two-phase alloys555
- REFERENCES557
- SUBJECT INDEX617
Related Annealing Phenomena fulfils the information needs of materials scientists in both industry and academia. The subjects treated in the book are all active research areas, forming a major part of at least four regular international conference series. This new 2nd edition ensures the reader has access to the latest findings, essential to those working at the forefront of research in universities and laboratories. For those in industry, the book highlights applications of the research and technologically important examples.
In particular, the 2nd edition builds on the significant progress made recently in the following key areas:
• Deformed state, including deformation to very large strains
• Characterisation of microstructures by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
• Modelling and simulation of annealing.
• Continuous recrystallization.
* Fully revised and up-to-date, the 2nd edition highlights the significant progress made recently in this important area of research
* Detailed coverage, much more comprehensive treatment than is found in textbooks on physical metallurgy bridges the gap between theory and practice by examining the application of quantitative, physically based models to metal forming processes
In particular, the 2nd edition builds on the significant progress made recently in the following key areas:
• Deformed state, including deformation to very large strains
• Characterisation of microstructures by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
• Modelling and simulation of annealing.
• Continuous recrystallization.
* Fully revised and up-to-date, the 2nd edition highlights the significant progress made recently in this important area of research
* Detailed coverage, much more comprehensive treatment than is found in textbooks on physical metallurgy bridges the gap between theory and practice by examining the application of quantitative, physically based models to metal forming processes