Redesigning Rice Photosynthesis to Increase Yield
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Table of contents
- Redesigning Rice Photosynthesis to Increase Yieldiii
- Copyrightiv
- FOREWORDv
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTSvi
- Contentsvii
- Perspectives1
- The contribution of rice research to poverty alleviation3
- Rice research and poverty alleviation4
- Long-term trends in rice prices and yields7
- Future constraints to increasing rice production10
- References11
- Notes12
- C3 versus C4 photosynthesis in rice: ecophysiological perspectives13
- Origin of the C4 pathway16
- Distribution of C4 photosynthesis in the plant kingdom17
- Forest and marsh grass ecology in reference to photosynthetic pathway21
- Ecophysiology of rice and its C4 weeds23
- Atmospheric CO2 variation and the success of the C4 habit27
- Conclusions31
- References31
- Notes35
- Photosynthesis, models, structure, and growth37
- Limits to yield for C3 and C4 rice: an agronomist's view39
- What governs yield?40
- Yield and redesigned photosynthesis48
- Conclusions50
- References50
- Notes52
- Would C4 rice produce more biomass than C3 rice?53
- Radiation-use efficiency54
- Quantum yield55
- Nitrogen cost of C4 versus C3 photosynthetic pathways57
- Photosynthetic performance in a canopy60
- Leaf anatomy62
- A balancing act64
- Could rice use the extra photosynthate?68
- References68
- Notes71
- Will increased photosynthetic efficiency lead to increased yield in rice?73
- Using studies on elevated CO2 to predict yields of C4 rice76
- Modifying plant physiology to take advantage of additional photosynthate77
- Increasing yield by increasing sucrose-phosphate synthase79
- Sucrose-phosphate synthase of rice83
- References83
- Notes86
- C4 rice: What are the lessons from developmental and molecular studies?87
- Morphological features of C4 leaves87
- Leaf development program of C4 plants89
- Intercellular signaling90
- What are the prospects for reprogramming rice leaf development?90
- Mechanisms controlling C4 gene expression91
- What are the prospects for C4 gene expression in rice?94
- References94
- Notes96
- C3 and C4 pathways97
- Requirements for the CO2-concentrating mechanism in C4 plants relative to limitations on carbon assi99
- Common features of CO2-concentrating mechanisms99
- Terrestrial C4 plants: subtypes, biochemistry, types of anatomy, and photochemical requirements100
- Model of C4 based on the NADP-ME-type system105
- Prospects for incorporating the CO2-concentrating mechanism into rice108
- When will photosynthesis in C3 plants be CO2-limited?108
- CO2 versus sink limitation of photosynthesis in rice109
- References111
- Notes112
- Overcoming barriers: CO2-concentrating mechanisms and C4 metabolism in relation to transport113
- Features of CO2-concentrating mechanisms113
- Some structural and metabolic features of C4 photosynthesis116
- Conclusions122
- References123
- Notes126
- C4 photosynthesis in rice: some lessons from studies of C3 photosynthesis in field-grown rice127
- Losses in operational photosynthesis in the rice canopy129
- Limitations imposed by photosynthetic capacity132
- Conclusions―important questions concerning the introduction of C4 photosynthesis into rice140
- Summary and recommendations142
- References143
- Notes144
- Performance of a potential C4 rice: overview from quantum yield to grain yield145
- Radiation conversion factor146
- Analysis of losses from quantum yield to RCF148
- Comparison of crops153
- Radiation conversion factor of a C4 rice154
- Discussion157
- Other implications of C4 photosynthesis at the crop scale159
- Conclusions159
- References160
- Notes162
- Appendix163
- Genes, physiology, and function165
- How to express some C4 photosynthesis genes at high levels in rice167
- Evolution of the C4 type of Pdk gene168
- High expression o f maize C4-specific genes in rice170
- Conclusions174
- References174
- Notes175
- Influence of carbon–nitrogen balance on productivity of C3 plants and effect of high expression of177
- Regulation of root-shoot interactions179
- Adjustment of carbon–nitrogen balance in the whole plant182
- References189
- Notes192
- Photosynthetic performance of transgenic rice plants overexpressing maize C4 photosynthesis enzymes193
- Transgenic rice plants overexpressing maize PEPC195
- Transgenic rice plants overexpressing maize PPDK199
- Transgenic rice plants overexpressing both maize PEPC and PPDK200
- Future directions200
- References202
- Notes204
- Rice: practical Issues205
- Strategies for increasing the yield potential of rice207
- Population improvement207
- Ideotype breeding208
- Heterosis breedin208
- Wide hybridization209
- Genetic engineering209
- Molecular breeding210
- References211
- Notes212
- Single-leaf and canopy photosynthesis of rice213
- Single-leaf photosynthesis214
- Canopy photosynthesis219
- Photosynthesis and yield potential222
- References224
- Notes228
- Future intensification of irrigated rice systems229
- Historical development229
- Current situation230
- Future changes235
- Conclusions244
- References244
- Notes247
- Rate-limiting steps in nitrogen acquisition by rice in flooded soil249
- Importance of root properties versus N transport through the soil250
- Uptake of N species other than ammonium251
- Other effects of soil conditions252
- Implications of C4 photosynthesis for rice N nutrition253
- References254
- Notes254
- Reflections255
- Genetic modification and agriculture257
- Science and risk assessment of GM crops259
- Potential benefits of GM crops260
- Concerns about GM crops261
- Genetic engineering in rice264
- Conclusions266
- References267
- Notes268
- Discussion: opportunities for redesigning rice photosynthesis269
- Improving C3 photosynthesis271
- Improving primary partitioning274
- Rice transgenic for maize C4 enzymes276
- Single-cell systems of C4 photosynthesis277
- Kranz anatomy279
- Nitrogen in C4 rice280
- Standards for research in agricultural science282
- Parallel research283
- Background research284
- Envoi285
- References285
- Notes288
- Index289
Rice yields need to increase in order to keep pace with the growing population of Asia and to alleviate hunger and poverty. There appears, however, to be a biophysical limit associated with conventional photosynthetic pathways. The research presented in this book aims at understanding how the rice plant's photosynthetic pathway could be redesigned to overcome current yield limits. The factors controlling yield are discussed from the agronomic to the molecular level. Prospects for improving rice photosynthesis include using genetic engineering to convert rice into a C4 plant.
The various chapters in this book deal with photosynthesis; a comparison of C
Researchers on rice, photosynthesis, agronomy, genetic engineering, and food policy will find much of interest in this book.