Elsevier S & T

Research Methodology in the Medical and Biological Sciences

Laake, Petter; Benestad, Haakon Breien

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Table of contents
  • CONTENTSv
  • PREFACExi
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSxii
  • CONTRIBUTORSxv
  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLSxxiii
  • CHAPTER 1 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE1
  • 1.1 Philosophy of the natural sciences1
  • 1.2 Philosophy of the social sciences24
  • References31
  • Further reading31
  • CHAPTER 2 ETHICS AND SCIENTIFIC CONDUCT33
  • 2.1 A brief introduction to ethics33
  • 2.2 Scientific conduct and misconduct36
  • 2.3 Misconduct and why it occurs38
  • 2.4 Fabrication and other forms of misconduct affecting the truth claims of scientific findings40
  • 2.5 Authorship issues43
  • 2.6 Salami, imalas and duplicate publication46
  • 2.7 The investigation and punishment of scientific misconduct47
  • References49
  • Further reading50
  • Appendix 150
  • CHAPTER 3 ETHICS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES53
  • 3.1 Introduction53
  • 3.2 Basic principles of human research ethics54
  • 3.3 International regulation56
  • 3.4 The ethics of animal research70
  • References73
  • Further reading74
  • Appendix 1 World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research74
  • Appendix 2 Oviedo Convention (Council of Europe, European Treaty Series 164)80
  • Appendix 3 Oviedo Convention - Additional Protocol Concerning Biomedical Research, Chapter I–IX (C82
  • CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: STRATEGIES, PLANNING AND ANALYSIS93
  • 4.1 Introduction93
  • 4.2 Your scientific problem95
  • 4.3 More on scientific problems97
  • 4.4 Literature, methods and techniques97
  • 4.5 Research conditions100
  • 4.6 Data types103
  • 4.7 Techniques105
  • 4.8 Repeatability, reproducibility and reliability109
  • 4.9 Validity, effect measure and choice of statistical test112
  • 4.10 Experimental protocol116
  • 4.11 Experimental routine122
  • References123
  • Further reading123
  • CHAPTER 5 LITERATURE SEARCH AND PERSONAL REFERENCE DATABASES125
  • 5.1 Information literacy125
  • 5.2 Systematic literature search127
  • 5.3 How to formulate a query: PICO129
  • 5.4 Search technique133
  • 5.5 Methodology filters136
  • 5.6 Quality: critical appraisal138
  • 5.7 Impact factor140
  • 5.8 Principal bibliographic databases145
  • 5.9 Staying up to date150
  • 5.10 Medical and scientific Internet search engines154
  • 5.11 Personal reference databases155
  • References160
  • Further reading160
  • CHAPTER 6 METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY161
  • 6.1 Introduction161
  • 6.2 Recombinant DNA technology163
  • 6.3 DNA and RNA: isolation, identification, synthesis and analysis168
  • 6.4 Practical applications of DNA/RNA technology174
  • 6.5 Protein analyses187
  • 6.6 Bioinformatics195
  • References197
  • CHAPTER 7 STRATEGIES AND METHODS OF BASIC MEDICAL RESEARCH199
  • 7.1 Introduction199
  • 7.2 Long-term goals and specific aims201
  • 7.3 Background and significance205
  • 7.4 Experimental strategies and methods207
  • 7.5 Pilot studies207
  • 7.6 Rules for basic medical research projects209
  • References211
  • Further reading211
  • CHAPTER 8 CLINICAL RESEARCH213
  • 8.1 Controlled clinical trials213
  • 8.2 Publication bias227
  • 8.3 Estimating sample size227
  • 8.4 ‘Non-inferiority’ studies234
  • 8.5 Generalization237
  • References238
  • Guidelines239
  • CHAPTER 9 EPIDEMIOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND METHODS241
  • 9.1 Introduction241
  • 9.2 Definitions242
  • 9.3 The role of epidemiology243
  • 9.4 Population and sample245
  • 9.5 Measures of disease occurrence, association, risk and implications246
  • 9.6 Vital statistics251
  • 9.7 Study designs of epidemiological studies254
  • 9.8 Effect measures in epidemiological studies261
  • 9.9 Experimental studies and randomized control trials268
  • 9.10 Measurement error and sources of error268
  • 9.11 Tests and validity271
  • 9.12 Causes of disease275
  • 9.13 Association versus causality278
  • References280
  • Further reading280
  • CHAPTER 10 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH281
  • 10.1 Qualitative versus quantitative research281
  • 10.2 Using qualitative research283
  • 10.3 What qualitative research cannot be used for284
  • 10.4 Samples in qualitative studies285
  • 10.5 Reliability and validity286
  • 10.6 Ethical challenges in qualitative research287
  • 10.7 Qualitative data collection291
  • 10.8 Triangulation301
  • 10.9 Analyses of qualitative data303
  • 10.10 Releasing qualitative data306
  • References307
  • Further reading309
  • CHAPTER 11 STATISTICAL ISSUES311
  • 11.1 Introduction311
  • 11.2 Effect measure, hypothesis testing and confidence interval312
  • 11.3 Bernoulli trial315
  • 11.4 Comparing two proportions318
  • 11.5 Measures of association in 2 × 2 tables323
  • 11.6 Normal distribution329
  • 11.7 Comparison of means332
  • 11.8 Non-parametric methods342
  • 11.9 Regression analysis350
  • References363
  • Further reading364
  • CHAPTER 12 EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS365
  • 12.1 Introduction365
  • 12.2 Systematic reviews366
  • 12.3 Critical appraisal of a systematic review: one example368
  • 12.4 Summary380
  • References380
  • Further reading381
  • CHAPTER 13 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION383
  • 13.1 Introduction383
  • 13.2 The scientific paper383
  • 13.3 Posters410
  • References413
  • Further reading413
  • CHAPTER 14 SUCCESSFUL LECTURING415
  • 14.1 Introduction415
  • 14.2 Preparing the lecture416
  • 14.3 Lecture content and form418
  • 14.4 Manuscript424
  • 14.5 Delivering a lecture427
  • Further reading432
  • CHAPTER 15 GUIDE TO GRANT APPLICATIONS433
  • 15.1 Introduction433
  • 15.2 Getting started435
  • 15.3 The postdoctoral fellow and junior scientist437
  • 15.4 What goes into a successful grant application?443
  • 15.5 The investigator-initiated research grant445
  • 15.6 Multiproject grants448
  • 15.7 International research collaborations451
  • 15.8 The European Union's seventh Framework Programme454
  • 15.9 Summary and perspective456
  • References456
  • INDEX457
  • A457
  • B458
  • C458
  • D462
  • E463
  • F465
  • G466
  • H467
  • I468
  • J469
  • K469
  • L469
  • M471
  • N472
  • O473
  • P474
  • Q477
  • R477
  • S479
  • T481
  • U482
  • V482
  • W483
  • X483
  • Y483
  • Z483
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780123738745R120
  • ISBN-13 9780080552897
  • Author Laake, Petter; Benestad, Haakon Breien
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Research

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Providing easy-to-access information, this unique sourcebook covers the wide range of topics that a researcher must be familiar with in order to become a successful experimental scientist. Perfect for aspiring as well as practicing professionals in the medical and biological sciences it discusses a broad range of topics that are common, yet not traditionally considered part of formal curricula. The information presented also facilitates communication across conventional disciplinary boundaries, in line with the increasingly multidisciplinary nature of modern research projects.

· Perfect for students with various professional backgrounds providing a broad scientific perspective
· Easily accessible, concise material makes learning about diverse methods achievable in today's fast-paced world
· Extensive online resources include further reading suggestions, data files, statistical tables, and the StaTable application package