Elsevier S & T

Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes: Their Properties and Applications

Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Eklund, P. C.

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Table of contents
  • Contentsv
  • Prefacexvii
  • Chapter 1. Historical Introduction1
  • 1.1. Early History1
  • 1.2. Astronomical Observations3
  • 1.3. Carbon Cluster Studies3
  • 1.4. Recent History6
  • 1.5. Architectural Analogs7
  • 1.6. Biological and Geological Examples9
  • 1.7. Road Map12
  • References13
  • Chapter 2. Carbon Materials15
  • 2.1. General Considerations15
  • 2.2. Graphite18
  • 2.3. Graphite Materials20
  • 2.4. Graphite Whiskers21
  • 2.5. Carbon Fibers21
  • 2.6. Glassy Carbon24
  • 2.7. Carbon Blacks25
  • 2.8. Carbon Coated Carbide Particles29
  • 2.9. Carbynes31
  • 2.10. Carbolites32
  • 2.11. Amorphous Carbon33
  • 2.12. Porous Carbons34
  • 2.13. Liquid Carbon36
  • 2.14. Graphite Intercalation Compounds37
  • 2.15. Diamond39
  • 2.16. Other Diamond Materials41
  • 2.17. Diamond-like and Cage Hydrocarbon Molecules44
  • 2.18. Synthesis of a Fully Unsaturated, All-Carbon Polymer46
  • 2.19. Metallo-Carbohedrenes (Met-Cars)48
  • 2.20. Carbon-Free Fullerenes50
  • 2.21. Metal-Coated Fullerenes51
  • References54
  • Chapter 3. Structure of Fullerenes60
  • 3.1. Structure of C60 and Euler's Theorem60
  • 3.2. Structure of C70 and Higher Fullerenes66
  • 3.3. The Projection Method for Specifying Fullerenes74
  • References77
  • Chapter 4. Symmetry Considerations of Fullerene Molecules80
  • 4.1. Icosahedral Symmetry Operations80
  • 4.2. Symmetry of Vibrational Modes86
  • 4.3. Symmetry for Electronic States90
  • 4.4. Going from Higher to Lower Symmetry96
  • 4.5. Symmetry Considerations for Isotopic Effects104
  • References109
  • Chapter 5. Synthesis, Extraction, and Purification of Fullerenes110
  • 5.1. Synthesis of Fullerenes111
  • 5.2. Fullerene Extraction116
  • 5.3. Fullerene Purification121
  • 5.4. Endohedral Fullerene Synthesis131
  • 5.5. Health and Safety Issues138
  • References138
  • Chapter 6. Fullerene Growth, Contraction, and Fragmentation143
  • 6.1. Fullerene Growth Models143
  • 6.2. Mass Spectrometry Characterization152
  • 6.3. Stability Issues153
  • 6.4. Fullerene Contraction and Fragmentation156
  • 6.5. Molecular Dynamics Models166
  • References168
  • Chapter 7. Crystalline Structure of Fullerene Solids171
  • 7.1. Crystalline C60171
  • 7.2. Crystalline C70 and Higher-Mass Fullerenes197
  • 7.3. Effect of Pressure on Crystal Structure203
  • 7.4. Effect of Temperature on Crystal Structure208
  • 7.5. Polymerized Fullerenes209
  • References217
  • Chapter 8. Classification and Structure of Doped Fullerenes224
  • 8.1. Classification of Types of Doping for Fullerenes225
  • 8.2. Endohedral Doping228
  • 8.3. Substitutional Doping233
  • 8.4. Exohedral Doping234
  • 8.5. Structure of Alkali Metal-Doped C60 Crystals238
  • 8.6. Structure of Alkaline Earth-Doped C60253
  • 8.7. Structure of Other Crystalline Fulleride Phases256
  • 8.8. The Doping of C70 and Higher-Mass Fullerenes262
  • References263
  • Chapter 9. Single-Crystal and Epitaxial Film Growth271
  • 9.1. Single-Crystal Growth272
  • 9.2. Thin-Film Synthesis274
  • 9.3. Synthesis of Doped C60 Crystals and Films283
  • References289
  • Chapter 10. Fullerene Chemistry and Electrochemistry292
  • 10.1. Practical Considerations in Fullerene Derivative Chemistry293
  • 10.2. General Characteristics of Fullerene Reactions294
  • 10.3. Reduction and Oxidation of C60 and C70297
  • 10.4. Hydrogenation, Alkylation, and Amination304
  • 10.5. Halogenation Reactions307
  • 10.6. Bridging Reactions307
  • 10.7. Cycloaddition Reactions312
  • 10.8. Substitution Reactions314
  • 10.9. Reactions with Free Radicals315
  • 10.10. Host–Guest Complexes and Polymerization316
  • References325
  • Chapter 11. Vibrational Modes329
  • 11.1. Overview of Mode Classifications329
  • 11.2. Experimental Techniques331
  • 11.3. C60 Intramolecular Modes332
  • 11.4. Intermolecular Modes347
  • 11.5. Experimental Results on C60 Solids and Films355
  • 11.6. Vibrational Modes in Doped Fullerene Solids376
  • 11.7. Vibrational Spectra for C70 and Higher Fullerenes390
  • 11.8. Vibrational Spectra for Phototransformed Fullerenes397
  • 11.9. Vibrational Spectra for C60 under Pressure402
  • 11.10. Vibrational Spectra of Other Fullerene-Related Materials406
  • References406
  • Chapter 12. Electronic Structure413
  • 12.1. Electronic Levels for Free C60 Molecules414
  • 12.2. Symmetry-Based Models419
  • 12.3. Many-Electron States for C60 and Other Icosahedral Fullerenes421
  • 12.4. Multiplet States for Free Ions Cn±60423
  • 12.5. Excitonic States for C60429
  • 12.6. Molecular States for Higher-Mass Fullerenes432
  • 12.7. Electronic Structure of Fullerenes in the Solid State437
  • References458
  • Chapter 13. Optical Properties464
  • 13.1. Optical Response of Isolated C60 Molecules464
  • 13.2. Optical Studies of C60 in Solution476
  • 13.3. Optical Properties of Solid C60491
  • 13.4. Optical Properties of Doped C60511
  • 13.5. Optical Properties of C60-Polymer Composites533
  • 13.6. Optical Properties of Higher-Mass Fullerenes536
  • 13.7. Dynamic and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Fullerenes540
  • References548
  • Chapter 14. Transport and Thermal Properties556
  • 14.1. Electrical Conductivity557
  • 14.2. Electron–Phonon Interaction573
  • 14.3. Hall Coefficient580
  • 14.4. Magnetoresistance581
  • 14.5. Electronic Density of States583
  • 14.6. Pressure Effects586
  • 14.7. Photoconductivity587
  • 14.8. Specific Heat594
  • 14.9. Scanning Calorimetry Studies600
  • 14.10. Temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion601
  • 14.11. Thermal Conductivity602
  • 14.12. Thermopower603
  • 14.13. Internal Friction608
  • References609
  • Chapter 15. Superconductivity616
  • 15.1. Experimental Observations of Superconductivity616
  • 15.2. Critical Temperature624
  • 15.3. Magnetic Field Effects626
  • 15.4. Temperature Dependence of the Superconducting Energy Gap633
  • 15.5. Isotope Effect638
  • 15.6. Pressure-Dependent Effects641
  • 15.7. Mechanism for Superconductivity643
  • References648
  • Chapter 16. Magnetic Resonance Studies654
  • 16.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance654
  • 16.2. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance669
  • 16.3. Muon Spin Resonance (mSR)683
  • References684
  • Chapter 17. Surface Science Studies Related to Fullerenes689
  • 17.1. Photoemission and Inverse Photoemission690
  • 17.2. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy697
  • 17.3. Auger Electron Spectroscopy708
  • 17.4. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy712
  • 17.5. Temperature-Programmed Desorption715
  • 17.6. Work Function717
  • 17.7. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering717
  • 17.8. Photoionization719
  • 17.9. Fullerene Interface Interactions with Substrates719
  • References733
  • Chapter 18. Magnetic Properties739
  • 18.1. Diamagnetic Behavior740
  • 18.2. Magnetic Endohedral and Exohedral Dopants742
  • 18.3. Magnetic Properties of Fullerene Ions744
  • 18.4. Pauli Paramagnetism in Doped Fullerenes745
  • 18.5. p-level Magnetism747
  • References747
  • Chapter 19. C60-Related Tubules and Spherules756
  • 19.1. Relation between Tubules and Fullerenes757
  • 19.2. Experimental Observation of Carbon Nanotubes761
  • 19.3. Growth Mechanism785
  • 19.4. Symmetry Properties of Carbon Nanotubes791
  • 19.5. Electronic Structure: Theoretical Predictions802
  • 19.6. Electronic Structure: Experimental Results825
  • 19.7. Phonon Modes in Carbon Nanotubes839
  • 19.8. Elastic Properties854
  • 19.9. Filled Nanotubes858
  • 19.10. Onion-Like Graphitic Particles860
  • 19.11. Possible Superconductivity in C60-Related Tubules863
  • References864
  • Chapter 20. Applications of Carbon Nanostructures870
  • 20.1. Optical Applications870
  • 20.2. Electronics Applications880
  • 20.3. Materials Applications893
  • 20.4. Electrochemical Applications of C60898
  • 20.5. Other Applications901
  • 20.6. Commercialization and Patents908
  • References911
  • Index919
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780122218200
  • ISBN-13 9780080540771
  • Author Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Eklund, P. C.
  • Category Technology & Engineering
  • Subject Materials Science

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The discovery of fullerenes (also known as buckyballs) has generated tremendous excitement and opened up a new field of carbon chemistry. As the first book available on this topic, this volume will be a landmark reference in the field. Because buckyballs are essentially closed hollow cages made up of carbon atoms, they can be manipulated in a variety of ways to yield never-before-seen materials. The balls can, for instance, be doped with atoms or pulled out into tubules and filled with lead to provide properties of high-temperature superconductivity. Researchers can now create their own buckyballs in a process that is almost as simple as making soot, making this research as inexpensive as it is exotic (which has doubtless contributed to its popularity). Researchers anticipate that fullerenes will offer boundless opportunities in the development of new products, drugs and materials.
Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes introduces materials scientists, chemists, and solid state physicists to the field of fullerenes, and discusses the unique properties and applications. both current and future, of all classes of fullerenes.

Key Features
* First comprehensive resource on fullerenes and their applications
* Provides an introduction to the topic
* Presents an extensive discussion of current and future applications of Fullerenes
* Covers all classes of fullerenes