Seismic Signatures and Analysis of Reflection Data in Anisotropic Media
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Table of contents
- Contentsxiii
- Chapter 1. Elements of basic theory of anisotropic wave propagation1
- 1.1 Governing equations and plane-wave properties2
- 1.2 Plane waves in transversely isotropic media14
- 1.3 Plane waves in orthorhombic media36
- Appendices for Chapter 156
- 1A. Phase velocity in arbitrary anisotropic media56
- 1B. Group-velocity vector as a function of phase velocity57
- Chapter 2. Influence of anisotropy on point-source radiation and AVO analysis61
- 2.1 Point-source radiation in anisotropic media62
- 2.2 Radiation patterns and AVO analysis in VTI media81
- Appendices for Chapter 2103
- 2A. Derivation of the anisotropic Green's function103
- 2B. Weak-anisotropy approximation for radiation patterns in TI media105
- Chapter 3. Normal-moveout velocity in layered anisotropic media109
- 3.1 2-D NMO equation in an anisotropic layer110
- 3.2 NMO velocity for vertical transverse isotropy113
- 3.3 NMO velocity for tilted TI media130
- 3.4 NMO velocity in layered media and time-to-depth conversion149
- 3.5 Elements of 3-D analysis of NMO velocity156
- Appendices for Chapter 3166
- 3A. 2-D NMO equation in an anisotropic layer166
- 3B. Weak-anisotropy approximation for P-wave NMO velocity in TTI media168
- 3C. 2-D Dix-type equation in layered anisotropic media169
- 3D. 3-D NMO equation in heterogeneous anisotropic media170
- Chapter 4. Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout173
- 4.1 Quartic moveout coefficient176
- 4.2 Nonhyperbolic moveout equation182
- 4.3 P-wave moveout in VTI media in terms of the parameter η185
- 4.4 Long-spread moveout of SV-waves in VTI media190
- Appendices for Chapter 4195
- 4A. Weak-anisotropy approximation for long-spread moveout195
- 4B. P-wave moveout in layered VTI media197
- Chapter 5. Reflection moveout of mode-converted waves199
- 5.1 Dip-dependent moveout of PS-waves in a single layer (2-D)200
- 5.2 Application to a VTI layer208
- 5.3 3-D treatment of PS-wave moveout for layered media219
- 5.4 PS-wave moveout in horizontally layered VTI media228
- 5.5 Discussion231
- Appendices for Chapter 5233
- 5A. 2-D description of PS moveout in a single layer233
- 5B. 3-D expression for the slope of CMP moveout235
- 5C. NMO velocity for converted-wave moveout239
- 5D. Weak-anisotropy approximation for PS-moveout in VTI media241
- 5E. 3-D description of PS moveout in layered media246
- Chapter 6. P-wave time-domain signatures in transversely isotropic media253
- 6.1 P-wave NMO velocity as a function of ray parameter254
- 6.2 Two-parameter description of time processing264
- 6.3 Discussion: Notation and P-wave signatures in VTI media269
- 6.4 Moveout analysis for tilted symmetry axis272
- Appendices for Chapter 6283
- 6A. Dependence of NMO velocity in VTI media on the ray parameter283
- 6B. NMO velocity in tilted elliptical media285
- Chapter 7. Velocity analysis and parameter estimation for VTI media287
- 7.1 P-wave dip-moveout inversion for η289
- 7.2 Inversion of P-wave nonhyperbolic moveout312
- 7.3 Joint inversion of P and PS data334
- Chapter 8. P-wave imaging for VTI media353
- 8.1 Fowler-type time-processing method354
- 8.2 Dip moveout by Fourier transform369
- 8.3 Time and depth migration385
- 8.4 Synthetic example for a model from the Gulf of Mexico400
- 8.5 Field-data example with multiple fault planes410
- 8.6 Discussion416
- References419
- Author Index429
- Subject Index431
Following the breakthrough in the last decade in identifying the key parameters for time and depth imaging in anisotropic media and developing practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic data, this title primarily focuses on the far reaching exploration benefits of anisotropic processing.
This volume provides the first comprehensive description of reflection seismic signatures and processing methods in anisotropic media. It identifies the key parameters for time and depth imaging in transversely isotropic media and describes practical methodologies for estimating them from seismic data. Also, it contains a thorough discussion of the important issues of uniqueness and stability of seismic velocity analysis in the presence of anisotropy. The book contains a complete description of anisotropic imaging methods, from the theoretical background to algorithms to implementation issues. Numerous applications to synthetic and field data illustrate the improvements achieved by the anisotropic processing and the possibility of using the estimated anisotropic parameters in lithology discrimination.