Small Scale Processes in Geophysical Fluid Flows

Kantha, Lakshmi H.; Clayson, Carol Anne

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Title Pageiii
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Contentsvii
  • Forewordxiii
  • Prefacexv
  • List of Acronymsxix
  • Prologuexxv
  • Chapter 1. Turbulence1
  • 1.1 Characteristics of Turbulent Flows2
  • 1.2 Origin and Types of Turbulence6
  • 1.3 Statistical Description of Turbulence9
  • 1.4 The Important Scales of Turbulence16
  • 1.5 Universal Equilibrium Range and Inertial Subrange29
  • 1.6 Von Karman Logarithmic Law of the Wall35
  • 1.7 Governing Equations39
  • 1.8 Turbulence Closure54
  • 1.9 Description in Spectral Space64
  • 1.10 Governing Equations in Spectral Space67
  • 1.11 Wavelet Transforms in Turbulence74
  • 1.12 Large Eddy Simulations76
  • 1.13 Renormalization Group Analysis (RNG)93
  • 1.14 Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS)103
  • List of Symbols108
  • Chapter 2. Oceanic Mixed Layer113
  • 2.1 Importance113
  • 2.2 Salient Characteristics115
  • 2.3 Penetrative Solar Heating123
  • 2.4 Langmuir Circulation132
  • 2.5 Convective Mixing143
  • 2.6 Mixing Processes in Midlatitude Oceans157
  • 2.7 Equatorial Mixing Processes160
  • 2.8 Mixing under Sea-Ice Cover168
  • 2.9 Bottom/Benthic Boundary Layer186
  • 2.10 Modeling the Ocean Mixed Layer192
  • 2.11 Chemical and Biological Mixing Models244
  • List of Symbols279
  • Chapter 3. Atmospheric Boundary Layer283
  • 3.1 Salient Characteristics284
  • 3.2 Geostrophic Drag Laws290
  • 3.3 Surface Layer (Monin-Obukhoff Similarity Theory)302
  • 3.4 Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer (CABL)323
  • 3.5 Nocturnal Atmospheric Boundary Layer (NABL)338
  • 3.6 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL)353
  • 3.7 Cloud-Topped Atmospheric Boundary Layer (CTBL)363
  • 3.8 Flow over Topographic Changes„Downslope Winds371
  • 3.9 Flow over Plant Canopy388
  • 3.10 Internal Boundary Layers397
  • 3.11 Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer407
  • List of Symbols413
  • Chapter 4. Surface Exchange Processes417
  • 4.1 Surface Energy Balance418
  • 4.2 Radiative Flux Parameterization419
  • 4.3 Flux Balance at the Air–Sea Interface427
  • 4.4 Flux Balance at the Air–Land Interface432
  • 4.5 Bulk Exchange Coefficients434
  • 4.6 Surface Renewal Theory466
  • 4.7 Cool Skin of the Ocean480
  • 4.8 Satellite-Measured Fluxes494
  • List of Symbols507
  • Chapter 5. Surface Waves511
  • 5.1 Salient Characteristics512
  • 5.2 Linear Waves from Potential Theory513
  • 5.3 Finite-Amplitude Effects525
  • 5.4 Resonant Wave–Wave Interactions529
  • 5.5 Wind-Wave Spectrum541
  • 5.6 Similarity Theory for Growth of Wind-Waves561
  • 5.7 Wind-Wave Generation, Dissipation, and Propagation566
  • 5.8 Wind-Wave Prediction590
  • 5.9 Breaking Waves603
  • 5.10 Satellite Measurements of Ocean Waves609
  • List of Symbols613
  • Chapter 6. Internal Waves615
  • 6.1 Salient Characteristics616
  • 6.2 Governing Equations625
  • 6.3 Vertically Propagating Small Scale Internal Waves628
  • 6.4 Vertical Standing Modes637
  • 6.5 Generation, Dissipation, Propagation, and Interaction643
  • 6.6 Garrett and Munk Spectrum658
  • 6.7 Internal Wave Solitons668
  • 6.8 Mixing in the Deep Ocean (Abyssal Mixing)676
  • List of Symbols682
  • Chapter 7. Double-Diffusive Processes685
  • 7.1 Salient Characteristics685
  • 7.2 Conditions for the Onset of Double Diffusion707
  • 7.3 Experimental Results710
  • 7.4 Analytical Models716
  • 7.5 Parameterization of Double-Diffusive Mixing729
  • List of Symbols732
  • Chapter 8. Lakes and Reservoirs735
  • 8.1 Salient Characteristics735
  • 8.2 Thermal Structure and Seasonal Modulation737
  • 8.3 Mixing Mechanisms751
  • 8.4 Lake Nyos„Thermal and CO2 Structure754
  • 8.5 Crater Lake, Oregon760
  • 8.6 Lake Baikal, Russia768
  • List of Symbols772
  • Appendix A. Units773
  • A.l The Buckingham PI Theorem773
  • A.2 Useful Quantities776
  • Appendix B. Equations of State783
  • B.l Equation of State for the Ocean783
  • B.2 Equation of State for Freshwater Lakes785
  • B.3 Equation of State for the Atmosphere790
  • Appendix C. Important Scales and Nondimensional Quantities793
  • C.l Length Scales793
  • C.2 Timescales795
  • C.3 Velocity Scales795
  • C.4 Nondimensional Quantities796
  • Appendix D Wave Motions803
  • References805
  • Biographies855
  • Index865
  • List of Volumes in the Series885
  • Color Plate SectionColor Plat
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780124340701
  • ISBN-13 9780080517292
  • Author Kantha, Lakshmi H.; Clayson, Carol Anne
  • Category Science
  • Subject Oceanography

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While ocean waves are the most visible example of oceanic mixing processes, this macroscale mixing process represents but one end of the spectrum of mixing processes operating in the ocean. At the scale of a typical phytoplanktoic diatom or larval fish inhabiting these seas, the most important mixing processes occur on the molecular scale - at the scale of turbulence. Physical-biological interactions at this scale are of paramount importance to the productivity of the seas (fisheries) and the heat balance that controls large scale ocean climate phenomena such as El Niño and tornadoes. This book grew out of the need for a comprehensive treatment of the diverse elements of geophysical fluid flow at the microscale. Kantha and Clayson have arranged a logial exposition of the various mixing processes operating within and between the oceans and its boundaries with the atmosphere and ocean floor. The authors' intent is to develop a volume that would provide a comprehensive treatment of the fundamental elements of ocean mixing so that students, academics, and professional fluid dynamicists and oceanographers can access this essential information from one source. This volume will serve as both a valuable reference tool for mathematically inclined limnologists, oceanographers and fluid modelers.


* Simple models of oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers are discussed
* Comprehensive and up-to-date review
* Useful for graduate level course
* Essential for modeling the oceans and the atmosphere
* Color Plates