Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions: Processes and Biological Controls
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Table of contents
- Copyight Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Chapter 1. Introduction: Stable Isotopes and Earth System Science1
- Global Change and Earth System Science1
- Physiological Ecology and Global Gas Exchange1
- Historical Background and the Contents of this Book2
- Acknowledgments4
- References4
- Part I: Stable Isotopes and Physiological Processes7
- Chapter 2. Factors Affecting the Oxygen Isotope Ratio of Plant Organic Material9
- Factors Contributing to Variation in δ18Op10
- Modeling delta18O of Plant Material20
- Combined Measurement of Carbon and22
- Combined Measurement of Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios22
- Potential Applications23
- Conclusions25
- References25
- Chapter 3. Stable Isotope Composition of Soil Organic Matter29
- Introduction29
- Origin of Carbon in Soils31
- Chemical Structure and Stable Isotopic Ratio of Plant Carbon Forming Soil Organic Matter32
- Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen and their Stable Isotopes in Soil Profiles36
- Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter38
- Molecular Insight into Soil Organic Matter Formation40
- Summary43
- References43
- Chapter 4. Factors Determining the 13C Abundance of Soil-Respired CO2 in Boreal Forests47
- Introduction47
- CO2 Production in Soils48
- Variability in the C Isotopes in Plants, Soil, and Soil CO2 Efflux in Boreal Forest---A Case Study61
- Concluding Remarks63
- References64
- Chapter 5. Factors that Control the Isotopic Composition of N2O from Soil Emissions69
- Introduction69
- Factors that Control the Rate of Production and Emission of Soil N2O70
- Processes Controlling the Stable Isotope Composition of N2O72
- Conclusions81
- References81
- Chapter 6. Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopic Effects in Microbial Methane from Terrestrial Environments85
- Isotopic Effects During Methane Oxidation86
- Isotopic Effects Associated with Methane Production Mechanisms88
- Supporting Field Data92
- Isotope Cross Plots98
- Summary, Speculation, and Recommendation99
- Acknowledgments101
- References101
- Part II: Ecosystem Scale Processes107
- Chapter 7. Theoretical Examination of Keeling-plot Relationships for Carbon Dioxide in a Temperate B109
- Introduction109
- Model Framework110
- Results and Discussion112
- Conclusions121
- Acknowledgments122
- References123
- Chapter 8. Partitioning Ecosystem Respiration Using Stable Carbon Isotope Analyses of CO2125
- Introduction125
- Partitioning Approach127
- Variation in Respiration Signatures Among Ecosystem Components128
- Causes of Variation in Respiration Signatures130
- Implications of Variation in Respiration Signatures on Soil C-Dynamics134
- Determining Source Signatures138
- Using Variation in Respiration Signatures to Partition Ecosystem Respiration145
- Conclusions146
- Acknowledgments148
- References148
- Chapter 9. Simulation of Ecosystem C18OO Isotope Fluxes in a Tallgrass Prairie: Biological and Physi154
- Introduction154
- Background155
- Ecosystem Model Simulations157
- Ecosystem Isofluxes161
- Summary and Conclusions166
- References168
- Chapter 10. Ecosystem CO2 Exchange and Variation in the δ18O of Atmospheric CO2171
- Introduction171
- Oxygen Isotope Effects during Ecosystem CO2 Exchange174
- Variation in Environmental Conditions and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Isofluxes176
- Implications for the Declining Trend in δ18O of Atmospheric CO2178
- References180
- Chapter 11. Stable Isotope Constraints on Net Ecosystem Production Under Elevated CO2182
- Introduction: Approaches for Estimating Net Ecosystem Production182
- Experimental Approach185
- Constructing the Ecosystem Carbon Balance: NEP191
- Conclusions196
- Acknowledgments196
- References196
- Chapter 12. Stable Isotopes as a Tool in Urban Ecology199
- Introduction199
- The Isotopic Composition of Urban CO2 Sources200
- Partitioning Urban CO2 Sources203
- The Isotopic Composition of Urban Plant Biomass207
- Conclusions211
- References211
- Part III: Global Scale Processes215
- Chapter 13. Terrestrial Ecosystems and Interannual Variability in the Global Atmospheric Budgets of217
- Introduction217
- A Graphical Means to Understanding the Global Atmospheric Budget: Robin Hood Diagrams219
- Mechanisms Contributing to Interannual Variability in Atmospheric δ13C227
- Unresolved Questions230
- Conclusions231
- Acknowledgments231
- References232
- Chapter 14. Remarks on the Use of 13C and 18O Isotopes in Atmospheric CO2 to Quantify Biospheric Car235
- Introduction235
- Formulation of Global Budgets236
- Understanding δ13C in Atmospheric CO2237
- Understanding δ18O in Atmospheric CO2248
- Concluding Remarks255
- Notations258
- References262
- Chapter 15. Factors Influencing the Stable Isotopic Content of Atmospheric N2O268
- Introduction268
- Isotopic Considerations269
- Isotopomers and Isotopologues271
- N2O from the Terrestrial Biosphere273
- N2O from the Oceans and Other Aquatic Regions274
- Other N2O Sources276
- N2O Loss Processes277
- The N2O Global Isotopic Budget280
- References282
- Chapter 16. The Carbon Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane and its Constraint on the Global288
- Introduction288
- δ13CH4 Observations293
- References306
- Series List311
- Index313
The emerging multidisciplinary field of earth system science sets out to improve our understanding functioning ecosystems, at a global level across the entire planet. Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions looks to one of its most powerful tools — the application of stable isotope analyses — to understanding biosphere-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases, and synthesizes much of the recent progress in this work.
Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions describes recent progress in understanding the mechanisms, processes and applications of new techniques. It makes a significant contribution to the emerging, multidisciplinary study of the Earth as an interacting system. This book will be an important reference for students and researchers in biology, ecology, biogeochemistry, meteorology, and atmospheric science and will be invaluable for anyone with any interest in the future of the planet.
* Describes applications of new stable isotope techniques to the emerging fields of earth system science and global change
* Illustrates advances in scaling of physiological processes from leaf/soil to the global scale
* Contains state-of-the-art, critical reviews written by international researchers and experts
Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions describes recent progress in understanding the mechanisms, processes and applications of new techniques. It makes a significant contribution to the emerging, multidisciplinary study of the Earth as an interacting system. This book will be an important reference for students and researchers in biology, ecology, biogeochemistry, meteorology, and atmospheric science and will be invaluable for anyone with any interest in the future of the planet.
* Describes applications of new stable isotope techniques to the emerging fields of earth system science and global change
* Illustrates advances in scaling of physiological processes from leaf/soil to the global scale
* Contains state-of-the-art, critical reviews written by international researchers and experts