Structural Health Monitoring: with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors
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Table of contents
- Title pageiii
- Copyright Pageiv
- Table of Contentsvii
- Chapter 1 Introduction1
- 1.1 Structural Health Monitoring Principles and Concepts1
- 1.2 Structural Fracture and Failure3
- 1.3 Improved Diagnosis and Prognosis Through Structural Health Monitoring7
- 1.4 About this Book10
- Chapter 2 Electroactive and Magnetoactive Materials13
- 2.1 Introduction13
- 2.2 Piezoelectricity14
- 2.3 Piezoelectric Phenomena21
- 2.4 Perovskite Ceramics23
- 2.5 Piezopolymers32
- 2.6 Magnetostrictive Materials34
- 2.7 Summary and Conclusions36
- 2.8 Problems and Exercises37
- Chapter 3 Vibration of Solids and Structures39
- 3.1 Introduction39
- 3.2 Single Degree of Freedom Vibration Analysis39
- 3.3 Vibration of Continuous Systems64
- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions98
- 3.5 Problems and Exercises98
- Chapter 4 Vibration of Plates101
- 4.1 Elasticity Equations for Plate Vibration101
- 4.2 Axial Vibration of Rectangular Plates101
- 4.3 Axial Vibration of Circular Plates104
- 4.4 Flexural Vibration of Rectangular Plates110
- 4.5 Flexural Vibration of Circular Plates117
- 4.6 Problems and Exercises128
- Chapter 5 Elastic Waves in Solids and Structures129
- 5.1 Introduction129
- 5.2 Axial Waves in Bars130
- 5.3 Flexural Waves in Beams148
- 5.4 Torsional Waves in Shafts161
- 5.5 Plate Waves162
- 5.6 3-D Waves172
- 5.7 Summary and Conclusions181
- 5.8 Problems and Exercises182
- Chapter 6 Guided Waves185
- 6.1 Introduction185
- 6.2 Rayleigh Waves186
- 6.3 SH Plate Waves190
- 6.4 Lamb Waves198
- 6.5 General Formulation of Guided Waves in Plates222
- 6.6 Guided Waves in Tubes and Shells224
- 6.7 Guided Waves in Composite Plates228
- 6.8 Summary and Conclusions237
- 6.9 Problems and Exercises238
- Chapter 7 Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors239
- 7.1 Introduction239
- 7.2 PWAS Resonators241
- 7.3 Circular PWAS Resonators263
- 7.4 Coupled-Field Analysis of PWAS Resonators274
- 7.5 Constrained PWAS278
- 7.6 PWAS Ultrasonic Transducers288
- 7.7 Durability and Survivability of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors300
- 7.8 Summary and Conclusions306
- 7.9 Problems and Exercises306
- Chapter 8 Tuned Waves Generated with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors309
- 8.1 Introduction309
- 8.2 State of the Art310
- 8.3 Tuned Axial Waves Excited by PWAS312
- 8.4 Tuned Flexural Waves Excited by PWAS316
- 8.5 Tuned Lamb Waves Excited by PWAS321
- 8.6 Experimental Validation of PWAS Lamb-Wave Tuning in Isotropic Plates330
- 8.7 Directivity of Rectangular PWAS339
- 8.8 PWAS-Guided Wave Tuning in Composite Plates347
- 8.9 Summary and Conclusions360
- 8.10 Problems and Exercises361
- Chapter 9 High-Frequency Vibration SHM with PWAS Modal Sensors – the Electromechanical Impedance M363
- 9.1 Introduction363
- 9.2 1-D PWAS Modal Sensors367
- 9.3 Circular PWAS Modal Sensors380
- 9.4 Damage Detection with PWAS Modal Sensors388
- 9.5 Coupled-Field FEM Analysis of PWAS Modal Sensors427
- 9.6 Summary and Conclusions432
- 9.7 Problems and Exercises433
- Chapter 10 Wave Propagation SHM with PWAS435
- 10.1 Introduction435
- 10.2 1-D Modeling and Experiments446
- 10.3 2-D PWAS Wave Propagation Experiments461
- 10.4 Pitch-Catch PWAS-Embedded NDE468
- 10.5 Pulse-Echo PWAS-Embedded NDE474
- 10.6 PWAS Time Reversal Method481
- 10.7 PWAS Passive Transducers of Acoustic Waves496
- 10.8 Summary and Conclusions500
- 10.9 Problems and Exercises501
- Chapter 11 In-Situ Phased Arrays with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors503
- 11.1 Introduction503
- 11.2 Phased-Arrays in Conventional Ultrasonic NDE505
- 11.3 1-D Linear PWAS Phased Arrays507
- 11.4 Further Experiments with Linear PWAS Arrays518
- 11.5 Optimization of PWAS Phased-Array Beamforming534
- 11.6 Generic PWAS Phased-Array Formulation546
- 11.7 2-D Planar PWAS Phased Array Studies553
- 11.8 The 2-D Embedded Ultrasonic Structural Radar (2D-EUSR)560
- 11.9 Damage Detection Experiments Using Rectangular PWAS Array567
- 11.10 Phased Array Analysis Using Fourier Transform Methods574
- 11.11 Summary and Conclusions586
- 11.12 Problems and Exercises587
- Chapter 12 Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition for PWAS-based Structural Health Monitoring589
- 12.1 Introduction589
- 12.2 From Fourier Transform to Short-Time Fourier Transform590
- 12.3 Wavelet Analysis597
- 12.4 State-of-the-Art Damage Identification and Pattern Recognition for Structural Health Monitoring617
- 12.5 Neural Networks621
- 12.6 Features Extractors632
- 12.7 Case Study: E/M Impedance Spectrum for Circular Plates of Various Damage Levels634
- 12.8 Summary and Conclusions655
- 12.9 Problems and Exercises656
- Appendix A Mathematical Prerequisites657
- A.1 Fourier Analysis657
- A.2 Sampling Theory668
- A.3 Convolution670
- A.4 Hilbert Transform672
- A.5 Correlation Method675
- A.6 Time Averaged Product of Two Harmonic Variables677
- A.7 Harmonic and Bessel Functions679
- Appendix B Elasticity Notations and Equations685
- B.1 Basic Notations685
- B.2 3-D Strain–Displacement Relations686
- B.3 Dilatation and Rotation687
- B.4 3-D StressŠStrain Relations in Engineering Constants688
- B.5 3-D StressŠStrain Relations in Lame Constants689
- B.6 3-D StressŠDisplacement Relations690
- B.7 3-D Equations of Motion690
- B.8 Tractions691
- B.9 3-D Governing EquationsŠNavier Equations691
- B.10 2-D Elasticity692
- B.11 Polar Coordinates693
- B.12 Cylindrical Coordinates694
- B.13 Spherical Coordinates696
- Bibliography699
- Index711
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is the interdisciplinary engineering field devoted to the monitoring and assessment of structural health and durability. SHM technology integrates remote sensing, smart materials, and computer based knowledge systems to allow engineers see how built up structures are performing over time. It is particularly useful for remotely monitoring large infrastructure systems, such as bridges and dams, and high profile mechanical systems such as aircraft, spacecraft, ships, offshore structures and pipelines where performance is critical but onsite monitoring is difficult or even impossible. Structural Health Monitoring with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors is the first comprehensive textbook to provide background information, theoretical modeling, and experimental examples on the principal technologies involved in SHM.
This textbook can be used for both teaching and research. It not only provides students, engineers and other interested technical specialists with the foundational knowledge and necessary tools for understanding modern sensing materials and systems, but also shows them how to employ this knowledge in actual engineering situations.
• Addresses the problem of aging structures and explains how SHM can alleviate their situation and prolong their useful life.
• Provides a step by step presentation on how Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors (PWAS) are used to detect and quantify the presence of damage in structures.
• Presents the underlying theories (piezoelectricity, vibration, wave propagation, etc.) and experimental techniques (E/M impedance, PWAS phased arrays, etc.) to be employed in successful SHM applications.
• Provides an understanding of how to interpret sensor signal patterns such as various wave forms, including analytical techniques like Fast Fourier Transform, Short-time Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform.
• Offers comprehensive teaching tools (worked examples, experiments, homework problems, and exercises) and an extensive online instructor manual containing lecture plans and homework solutions.