Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology

Measures, Raymond M.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Contentsvii
  • Prefacexiii
  • Acknowledgmentsxvii
  • Chapter 1. Introduction1
  • 1.1 Smart Structures3
  • 1.2 Brief Historical Overview of Smart Structures9
  • Chapter 2. Need for Integrated Structural Monitoring15
  • 2.1 Introduction15
  • 2.2 Civil Engineering Problems17
  • 2.3 New Materials for the Construction Industry19
  • 2.4 Bridges of Advanced Design21
  • 2.5 Detection of Structural Weakness24
  • 2.6 Measurement Prospects for Fiber Optic Technology26
  • 2.7 Earthquakes and New Materials for Repair34
  • 2.8 Other Structural Monitoring Applications40
  • 2.9 Wind Power and Structural Monitoring43
  • 2.10 Magnetic Levitation Train Monitoring45
  • 2.11 Aerospace Engineering Problems46
  • 2.12 New Materials for the Aerospace Industry48
  • 2.13 Fiber Optic Monitoring of Aircraft50
  • Chapter 3. Introduction to Lightwaves52
  • 3.1 Background and Overview52
  • 3.2 Electromagnetic Radiation56
  • 3.3 Birefringence and Polarization64
  • 3.4 Superposition, Coherence, and Interference69
  • 3.5 Partial Coherence and Coherence Length72
  • 3.6 High-Coherence Interferometers76
  • 3.7 Multipass Fabry-Perot Interferometer79
  • 3.8 Low-Coherence Interferometry82
  • 3.9 Radiation Coupling Between Optical Fibers86
  • 3.10 Bragg Grating Reflection91
  • Chapter 4. Light Sources and Detectors100
  • 4.1 Introduction100
  • 4.2 Light Generation and Gain Media100
  • 4.3 Fabry-Perot Cavity Lasers107
  • 4.4 Semiconductor Radiation Sources116
  • 4.5 Light-Emitting Diodes121
  • 4.6 Semiconductor Laser Diodes129
  • 4.7 Narrowband (DBR and DFB) Laser Diodes138
  • 4.8 Junction Photodetectors143
  • 4.9 PIN and Avalanche Photodiode Detectors147
  • 4.10 Charge-Coupled Detector Arrays150
  • 4.11 Photodetector Signal-to-Noise154
  • Chapter 5. Fiber Optic Technology160
  • 5.1 Introduction160
  • 5.2 Optical Fibers160
  • 5.3 Optical Fiber Guided Wave Modes165
  • 5.4 Cutoff Wavelength and Single-Mode Fiber170
  • 5.5 Optical Fiber Transmission Properties176
  • 5.6 Optical Fiber Strength and Fatigue Life181
  • 5.7 Fiber Optic Connectors, Splices, and Pigtails190
  • 5.8 Optical Isolators, Couplers, Filters, and Spectral Analyzers201
  • 5.9 Fiber Bragg Gratings213
  • 5.10 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing224
  • Chapter 6. Fiber Optic Structural Sensors and Their Merits233
  • 6.1 Merits of Fiber Optic Structural Sensors233
  • 6.2 Types of Fiber Optic Structural Sensor235
  • 6.3 Intensiometric Fiber Optic Sensors237
  • 6.4 Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors243
  • 6.5 Polarimetric and Modalmetric Fiber Optic Sensors250
  • 6.6 Spectrometric Fiber Optic Sensors252
  • 6.7 Selection of a Fiber Optic Structural Sensor260
  • Chapter 7. Fiber Optic Strain and Temperature Sensitivity263
  • 7.1 Introduction263
  • 7.2 Optothermomechanical Equations265
  • 7.3 Strain and Temperature Sensitivity and Gauge Factors267
  • 7.4 Transverse Strains and Their Measurement275
  • 7.5 Thermal Apparent Strain285
  • 7.6 Temperature Compensation for Fiber Optic Sensors288
  • 7.7 Temperature-Independent Strain Sensors316
  • 7.8 Strain-Temperature Cross-Sensitivity323
  • Chapter 8. Sensor Installation and Material Integration Issues325
  • 8.1 Introduction325
  • 8.2 Installation of Fiber Optic Structural Sensors325
  • 8.3 Fiber Optic Sensor Integration Within FRP Materials338
  • 8.4 The Influence of Fiber Optic Coatings343
  • 8.5 Influence of Embedded Optical Fibers on the Host Structure354
  • 8.6 Pultruded Fiber Optic Structural Sensors363
  • 8.7 Fiber Optic Structural Sensor Connectorization365
  • Chapter 9. Short Gauge Sensor and Applications369
  • 9.1 Introduction369
  • 9.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Demodulation371
  • 9.3 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Applications403
  • 9.4 Interferometric Short-Gauge Structural Sensors449
  • 9.5 Interferometric Sensor Applications464
  • Chapter 10. Long Gauge-Length Fiber Optic Sensing475
  • 10.1 Introduction475
  • 10.2 Long Gauge-Length Sensors and Their Demodulation478
  • 10.3 Long Gauge-Length Sensor Applications494
  • Chapter 11. Multiplexed Fiber Optic Structural Sensing526
  • 11.1 Introduction526
  • 11.2 Fabrication of Serial Arrays of Fiber Optic Sensors527
  • 11.3 Serial Multiplexing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors529
  • 11.4 Serial Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Grating Applications567
  • Chapter 12. Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensing595
  • 12.1 Introduction595
  • 12.2 Fiber Bragg Intragrating Distributed Sensing Concept597
  • 12.3 T-Matrix Formalism for Nonuniform Fiber Bragg Gratings599
  • 12.4 Intensity Reflection Spectrum for Distributed Strain Sensing604
  • 12.5 Distributed Strain Sensing Based on Fourier Transforms611
  • 12.6 Experimental Fourier Transform Distributed Strain Sensing614
  • 12.7 Fourier Transform for Serial Multiplexed Fiber Grating Sensors619
  • 12.8 Low Coherence Techniques for Distributed Sensing623
  • 12.9 Distributed Sensing Under Simulated Brillouin Scattering626
  • 12.10 Distributed Strain Sensing Applications633
  • Chapter 13. Future Prospects and Summary644
  • 13.1 Overview644
  • 13.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Universal Demodulation System648
  • 13.3 Summary655
  • References659
  • Index701
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780124874305
  • ISBN-13 9780080518046
  • Author Measures, Raymond M.
  • Category Technology & Engineering
  • Subject Fiber Optics

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This book is the first to address the field of structurally integrated fiber optic sensors. Fiber optic sensors embedded within materials and systems are able to measure a variety of parameters (i.e. temperature, vibration, deformation, strain, etc.) that allows for real time non-destructive evaluation. Examples include the following: monitoring structural fatigue in aging aircraft or loads in bridge structures. In more advanced applications, fiber optic sensors control actuators that allow materials to adapt to their environment. This gives rise to the names, "smart," "intelligent," and/or "adaptive" materials or structures.
Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology is the firs single author book on the new field of fiber optic structural sensing. As such it provides: coverage of the fundamentals of the technology, a coherent and systematic discussion on the most important aspects of the subject, a broad view of the subject, while retaining a degree of focus on those advances most significant in terms of their future potential, particularly in regard to broad implementation of the technology. The book provides an introduction to the relevant value to structural monitoring. It also highlights the advantages of fiber optic based sensors over conventional electrical measurement technology.
The book richly illustrates the subject matter with 615 figures and provides many examples of fiber optic structural sensing, including a detailed overview of a number of major field site applications. Most of these large scale applications are drawn from the civil engineering community as they have been the first to strongly embrace fiber optic structural monitoring. This is especially true for bridges, where innovative new designs and the use of fiber reinforced polymer composite materials to replace steel represents a major advance that is expected to revolutionize the construction industry. Examples include new bridges, which are serving as testbeds for these new materials and are instrumented with arrays of fiber optic structural sensors. In one case, this state-of-the-art monitoring system permits engineers at a distant site to track the response of the bridge to traffic loads and keep an eye on the long term performance of the new materials. Fiber optic structural sensing technology is equally applicable to other industrial sectors, such as the aerospace and marine industries. Indeed, several examples of ships being instrumented with arrays of fiber optic sensors are also included.


* The author directed one of the leading laboratories in the development of this technology and its application to civil engineering
* Provides a strong, concise foundation in the basics of the technology
* Includes many examples of the application of the technology, including many major field site case studies
* Richly illustrated with 615 figures, many redrawn to make them easier to understand; also includes over 600 references
* Written in a style designed to help the reader unfamiliar with fiber optic technology appreciate what can be accomplished with this new form of structural monitoring