Subsea Pipelines and Risers
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Table of contents
- Copyright Pageiv
- Table of Contentsxi
- Forewordv
- Foreword to "Pipeliners and Risers" Bookvii
- Prefaceix
- Part I: Mechanical Design1
- Chapter 1. Introduction3
- 1.1 Introduction3
- 1.2 Design Stages and Process3
- 1.3 Design Through Analysis (DTA)9
- 1.4 Pipeline Design Analysis11
- 1.5 Pipeline Simulator21
- 1.6 References24
- Chapter 2. Wall-thickness and Material Grade Selection25
- 2.1 Introduction25
- 2.2 Material Grade Selection26
- 2.3 Pressure Containment (hoop stress) Design28
- 2.4 Equivalent Stress Criterion33
- 2.5 Hydrostatic Collapse34
- 2.6 Wall Thickness and Length Design for Buckle Arrestors36
- 2.7 Buckle Arrestor Spacing Design37
- 2.8 References39
- Chapter 3. Buckling/Collapse of Deepwater Metallic Pipes41
- 3.1 Introduction41
- 3.2 Pipe Capacity under Single Load42
- 3.3 Pipe Capacity under Couple Load49
- 3.4 Pipes under Pressure Axial Force and Bending51
- 3.5 Finite Element Model58
- 3.6 References65
- Chapter 4. Limit-state based Strength Design67
- 4.1 Introduction67
- 4.2 Out of Roundness Serviceability Limit68
- 4.3 Bursting69
- 4.4 Local Buckling/Collapse70
- 4.5 Fracture74
- 4.6 Fatigue77
- 4.7 Ratcheting78
- 4.8 Dynamic Strength Criteria79
- 4.9 Accumulated Plastic Strain79
- 4.10 Strain Concentration at Field Joints Due to Coatings80
- 4.11 References80
- Part II: Pipeline Design81
- Chapter 5. Soil and Pipe Interaction83
- 5.1 Introduction83
- 5.2 Pipe Penetration in Soil83
- 5.3 Modeling Friction and Breakout Forces86
- 5.4 References88
- Chapter 6. Hydrodynamics around Pipes89
- 6.1 Wave Simulators89
- 6.2 Choice of Wave Theory89
- 6.3 Mathematical Formulations Used in the Wave Simulators89
- 6.4 Steady Currents95
- 6.5 Hydrodynamic Forces95
- 6.6 References100
- Chapter 7. Finite Element Analysis of In-situ Behavior101
- 7.1 Introduction101
- 7.2 Description of the Finite Element Model102
- 7.3 Steps in an Analysis and Choice of Analysis Procedure105
- 7.4 Element Types Used in the Model106
- 7.5 Non-linearity and Seabed Model108
- 7.6 Validation of the Finite Element Model109
- 7.7 Dynamic Buckling Analysis111
- 7.8 Cyclic In-place Behaviour during Shutdown Operations113
- 7.9 References114
- Chapter 8. Expansion, Axial Creeping, Upheaval/Lateral Buckling115
- 8.1 Introduction115
- 8.2 Expansion115
- 8.3 Axial Creeping of Flowlines Caused by Soil Ratcheting117
- 8.4 Upheaval Buckling120
- 8.5 Lateral Buckling125
- 8.6 Interaction between Lateral and Upheaval Buckling126
- 8.7 References128
- Chapter 9. On-bottom Stability129
- 9.1 Introduction129
- 9.2 Force Balance: the Simplified Method129
- 9.3 Acceptance Criteria130
- 9.4 Special Purpose Program for Stability Analysis130
- 9.5 Use of FE Analysis for Intervention Design133
- 9.6 References136
- Chapter 10. Vortex-induced Vibrations (VIV) and Fatigue137
- 10.1 Introduction137
- 10.2 Free-span VIV Analysis Procedure139
- 10.3 Fatigue Design Criteria144
- 10.4 Response Amplitude144
- 10.5 Modal Analysis148
- 10.6 Example Cases150
- 10.7 References154
- Chapter 11. Force Model and Wave Fatigue155
- 11.1 Introduction155
- 11.2 Fatigue Analysis155
- 11.3 Force Model161
- 11.4 Comparisons of Frequency Domain and Time Domain Approaches170
- 11.5 Conclusions and Recommendations171
- 11.6 References172
- Chapter 12. Trawl Impact, Pullover and Hooking Loads173
- 12.1 Introduction173
- 12.2 Trawl Gears173
- 12.3 Acceptance Criteria174
- 12.4 Impact Response Analysis175
- 12.5 Pullover Loads184
- 12.6 Finite Element Model for Pullover Response Analyses186
- 12.7 Case Study188
- 12.8 References194
- Chapter 13. Pipe-in-pipe and Bundle Systems195
- 13.1 Introduction195
- 13.2 Pipe-in-pipe System195
- 13.3 Bundle System205
- 13.4 References218
- Chapter 14. Seismic Design219
- 14.1 Introduction219
- 14.2 Pipeline Seismic Design Guidelines220
- 14.3 Conclusions228
- 14.4 References228
- Chapter 15. Corrosion Prevention229
- 15.1 Introduction229
- 15.2 Fundamentals of Cathodic Protection230
- 15.3 Pipeline Coatings231
- 15.4 CP Design Parameters232
- 15.5 Galvanic Anodes System Design236
- 15.6 References240
- Chapter 16. Åsgard Flowlines Design Examples241
- 16.1 Introduction241
- 16.2 Wall-thickness and Linepipe Material Selection242
- 16.3 Limit State Strength Criteria243
- 16.4 Installation and On-bottom Stability247
- 16.5 Design for Global Buckling, Fishing Gear Loads and VIV249
- 16.6 Åsgard Transport Project258
- 16.7 References258
- Part III: Flow Assurance261
- Chapter 17. Subsea System Engineering263
- 17.1 Introduction263
- 17.2 Typical Flow Assurance Process265
- 17.3 System Design and Operability272
- 17.4 References276
- Chapter 18. Hydraulics277
- 18.1 Introduction277
- 18.2 Composition and Properties of Hydrocarbons277
- 18.3 Emulsion282
- 18.4 Phase Behavior285
- 18.5 Hydrocarbon Flow289
- 18.6 Slugging and Liquid Handling302
- 18.7 Pressure Surge308
- 18.8 Line Sizing310
- 18.9 References315
- Chapter 19. Heat Transfer and Thermal Insulation317
- 19.1 Introduction317
- 19.2 Heat Transfer Fundamentals318
- 19.3 U-value326
- 19.4 Steady State Heat Transfer331
- 19.5 Transient Heat Transfer333
- 19.6 Thermal Management Strategy and Insulation338
- 19.7 References349
- 19.8 Appendix: U-value and Cooldown Time Calculation Sheet351
- Chapter 20. Hydrates357
- 20.1 Introduction357
- 20.2 Physics and Phase Behavior359
- 20.3 Hydrate Prevention367
- 20.4 Hydrate Remediation371
- 20.5 Hydrate Control Design Philosophies374
- 20.6 Recover of Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors379
- 20.7 References381
- Chapter 21. Wax and Asphaltenes383
- 21.1 Introduction383
- 21.2 Wax383
- 21.3 Wax Management389
- 21.4 Wax Remediation390
- 21.5 Asphaltenes392
- 21.6 Asphaltenes Control Design Philosophies396
- 21.7 References398
- Part IV: Riser Engineering399
- Chapter 22. Design of Deepwater Risers401
- 22.1 Description of a Riser System401
- 22.2 Riser Analysis Tools407
- 22.3 Steel Catenary Riser for Deepwater Environments408
- 22.4 Stresses and Service Life of Flexible Pipes410
- 22.5 Drilling and Workover Risers411
- 22.6 References411
- Chapter 23. Design Codes for Risers and Subsea Systems413
- 23.1 Introduction413
- 23.2 Design Criteria for Deepwater Metallic Risers414
- 23.3 Limit State Design Criteria415
- 23.4 Loads, Load Effects and Load Cases416
- 23.5 Improving Design Codes and Guidelines418
- 23.6 Regulations and Standards for Subsea Production Systems421
- 23.7 References422
- Chapter 24. VIV and Wave Fatigue of Risers423
- 24.1 Introduction423
- 24.2 Fatigue Causes423
- 24.3 Riser VIV Analysis and Suppression426
- 24.4 Riser Fatigue due to Vortex-induced Hull Motions (VIM)431
- 24.5 Challenges and Solutions for Fatigue Analysis435
- 24.6 Conclusions435
- 24.7 References436
- Chapter 25. Steel Catenary Risers437
- 25.1 Introduction437
- 25.2 SCR Technology Development History438
- 25.3 Material Selection, Wall-thickness Sizing, Source Services and Clap Pipe439
- 25.4 SCR Design Analysis440
- 25.5 Welding Technology, S-N Curves and SCF for Welded Connections441
- 25.6 UT Inspections and ECA Criteria442
- 25.7 Flexjoints, Stressjoints and Pulltubes444
- 25.8 Strength Design Challenges and Solutions445
- 25.9 Fatigue Design Challenges and Solutions446
- 25.10 Installation and Sensitivity Considerations449
- 25.11 Integrity Monitoring and Management Systems450
- 25.12 References450
- Chapter 26. Top Tensioned Risers453
- 26.1 Introduction453
- 26.2 Top Tension Risers Systems454
- 26.3 TTR Riser Components458
- 26.4 Modelling and Analysis of Top Tensioned Risers467
- 26.5 Integrated Marine Monitoring System475
- 26.6 References476
- Chapter 27. Steel Tube Umbilical & Control Systems477
- 27.1 Introduction477
- 27.2 Control Systems480
- 27.3 Cross-sectional Design of the Umbilical485
- 27.4 Steel Tube Design Capacity Verification486
- 27.5 Extreme Wave Analysis487
- 27.6 Manufacturing Fatigue Analysis488
- 27.7 In-place Fatigue Analysis489
- 27.8 Installation Analysis494
- 27.9 Required On-seabed Length for Stability495
- 27.10 References495
- Chapter 28. Flexible Risers and Flowlines497
- 28.1 Introduction497
- 28.2 Flexible Pipe Cross Section497
- 28.3 End Fitting and Annulus Venting Design501
- 28.4 Flexible Riser Design503
- 28.5 References507
- Chapter 29. Hybrid Risers509
- 29.1 Introduction509
- 29.2 General Description of Hybrid Risers511
- 29.3 Sizing of Hybrid Risers514
- 29.4 Preliminary Analysis518
- 29.5 Strength Analysis519
- 29.6 Fatigue Analysis520
- 29.7 Structural and Environmental Monitoring System520
- 29.8 References523
- Chapter 30. Drilling Risers525
- 30.1 Introduction525
- 30.2 Floating Drilling Equipments526
- 30.3 Key Components of Subsea Production Systems532
- 30.4 Riser Design Criteria533
- 30.5 Drilling Riser Analysis Model534
- 30.6 Drilling Riser Analysis Methodology536
- 30.7 References547
- Chapter 31. Integrity Management of Flexibles and Umbilicals549
- 31.1 Introduction549
- 31.2 Failure Statistics550
- 31.3 Risk Management Methodology552
- 31.4 Failure Drivers552
- 31.5 Failure Modes555
- 31.6 Integrity Management Strategy556
- 31.7 Inspection Measures558
- 31.8 Monitoring559
- 31.9 Testing and Analysis Measures560
- 31.10 Steel Tube Umbilical Risk Analysis and Integrity Management561
- 31.11 References562
- Part V: Welding and Installation563
- Chapter 32. Use of High Strength Steel565
- 32.1 Introduction565
- 32.2 Review of Usage of High Strength Steel Linepipes565
- 32.3 Potential Benefits and Disadvantages of High Strength Steel572
- 32.4 Welding of High Strength Linepipe576
- 32.5 Cathodic Protection579
- 32.6 Fatigue and Fracture of High Strength Steel580
- 32.7 Material Property Requirements581
- 32.8 References583
- Chapter 33. Welding and Defect Acceptance585
- 33.1 Introduction585
- 33.2 Weld Repair Analysis585
- 33.3 Allowable Excavation Length Assessment589
- 33.4 Conclusions593
- 33.5 References595
- Chapter 34. Installation Design597
- 34.1 Introduction597
- 34.2 Pipeline Installation Vessels597
- 34.3 Software OFFPIPE and Code Requirements605
- 34.4 Physical Background for Installation606
- 34.5 Finite Element Analysis Procedure for Installation of In-line Valves624
- 34.6 Two Medium Pipeline Design Concept628
- 34.7 References636
- Chapter 35. Route Optimization, Tie-in and Protection637
- 35.1 Introduction637
- 35.2 Pipeline Routing637
- 35.3 Pipeline Tie-ins639
- 35.4 Flowline Trenching/Burying647
- 35.5 Flowline Rockdumping653
- 35.6 Equipment Dayrates654
- 35.7 References654
- Chapter 36. Pipeline Inspection, Maintenance and Repair655
- 36.1 Operations655
- 36.2 Inspection by Intelligent Pigging661
- 36.3 Maintenance670
- 36.4 Pipeline Repair Methods672
- 36.6 References682
- Part VI: Integrity Management683
- Chapter 37. Reliability-based Strength Design of Pipelines685
- 37.1 Introduction685
- 37.2 Uncertainty Measures685
- 37.3 Calibration of Safety Factors686
- 37.4 Reliability-based Determination of Corrosion Allowance687
- 37.5 References695
- Chapter 38. Corroded Pipelines697
- 38.1 Introduction697
- 38.2 Corrosion Defect Predictions697
- 38.3 Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe706
- 38.4 New Remaining Strength Criteria for Corroded Pipe714
- 38.5 Reliability-based Design717
- 38.6 Re-qualification Example Applications723
- 38.7 References731
- Chapter 39. Residual Strength of Dented Pipes with Cracks733
- 39.1 Introduction733
- 39.2 Limit-state based Criteria for Dented Pipe733
- 39.3 Fracture of Pipes with Longitudinal Cracks737
- 39.4 Fracture of Pipes with Circumferential Cracks742
- 39.5 Reliability-based Assessment743
- 39.6 Design Examples745
- 39.7 References749
- Chapter 40. Integrity Management of Subsea Systems751
- 40.1 Introduction751
- 40.2 Acceptance Criteria753
- 40.3 Identification of Initiating Events756
- 40.4 Cause Analysis756
- 40.5 Probability of Initiating Events757
- 40.6 Causes of Risks759
- 40.7 Failure Probability Estimation Based on Qualitative Review and Databases761
- 40.8 Failure Probability Estimation Based on Structural Reliability Methods764
- 40.9 Consequence Analysis766
- 40.10 Example 1: Risk Analysis for a Subsea Gas Pipeline771
- 40.11 Example 2: Dropped Object Risk Analysis777
- 40.12 Example 3: Example Use of RBIM to Reduce Operation Costs781
- 40.13 References785
- Chapter 41. LCC Modeling as a Decision Making Tool in Pipeline Design787
- 41.1 Introduction787
- 41.2 Initial Cost789
- 41.3 Financial Risk792
- 41.4 Time Value of Money795
- 41.5 Fabrication Tolerance Example Using the Life-cycle Cost Model795
- 41.6 On-Bottom Stability Example805
- 41.7 References807
- SUBJECT INDEX809
• Updated edition of a best-selling title
• Author brings 25 years experience to the work
• Addresses the key issues of economy and environment
Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable way to exploit the valuable resources below the world’s seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively new technology and continues to evolve in its quest to reduce costs and minimise the effect on the environment.
With over 25years experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to students and designers alike. It represents an excellent source of up to date practices and knowledge to help equip those who wish to be part of the exciting future of this industry.
• Author brings 25 years experience to the work
• Addresses the key issues of economy and environment
Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable way to exploit the valuable resources below the world’s seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively new technology and continues to evolve in its quest to reduce costs and minimise the effect on the environment.
With over 25years experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to students and designers alike. It represents an excellent source of up to date practices and knowledge to help equip those who wish to be part of the exciting future of this industry.