Elsevier S & T

Superconductivity

Poole, Charles P., Jr.; Farach, Horacio A.; Creswick, Richard J.; Prozorov, Ruslan

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Table of contents

Contentsvii
Preface to the First Editionxvii
Preface to the Second Editionxxi
Chapter 1 Properties of the Normal State1
I. Introduction1
II. Conduction Electron Transport1
III. Chemical Potential and Screening4
IV. Electrical Conductivity5
V. Frequency Dependent Electrical Conductivity6
VI. Electron–Phonon Interaction7
VII. Resistivity7
VIII. Thermal Conductivity8
IX. Fermi Surface8
X. Energy Gap and Effective Mass10
XI. Electronic Specific Heat11
XII. Phonon Specific Heat12
XIII. Electromagnetic Fields14
XIV. Boundary Conditions15
XV. Magnetic Susceptibility16
XVI. Hall Effect18
Further Reading20
Problems20
Chapter 2 Phenomenon of Superconductivity23
I. Introduction23
II. Brief History24
III. Resistivity27
A. Resistivity above Tc27
B. Resistivity Anisotropy28
C. Anisotropy Determination31
D. Sheet Resistance of Films: Resistance Quantum32
IV. Zero Resistance34
A. Resistivity Drop at Tc34
B. Persistent Currents below Tc35
V. Transition Temperature36
VI. Perfect Diamagnetism40
VII. Magnetic Fields Inside a Superconductor43
VIII. Shielding Current44
IX. Hole in Superconductor45
X. Perfect Conductivity48
XI. Transport Current49
XII. Critical Field and Current52
XIII. Temperature Dependences52
XIV. Two Fluid Model54
XV. Critical Magnetic Field Slope55
XVI. Critical Surface55
Further Reading58
Problems58
Chapter 3 Classical Superconductors61
I. Introduction61
II. Elements61
III. Physical Properties of Superconducting Elements64
IV. Compounds67
V. Alloys71
VI. Miedema’s Empirical Rules72
VII. Compounds with the NaCl Structure75
VIII. Type A15 Compounds76
IX. Laves Phases78
X. Chevrel Phases80
XI. Chalcogenides and Oxides82
Problems82
Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Properties83
I. Introduction83
II. Specific Heat above TC84
III. Discontinuity at TC89
IV. Specific Heat below TC90
V. Density of States and Debye Temperature90
VI. Thermodynamic Variables91
VII. Thermodynamics of a Normal Conductor92
VIII. Thermodynamics of a Superconductor95
IX. Superconductor in Zero Field97
X. Superconductor in a Magnetic Field98
XI. Normalized Thermodynamic Equations103
XII. Specific Heat in a Magnetic Field105
XIII. Further Discussion of the Specific Heat107
XIV. Order of the Transition109
XV. Thermodynamic Conventions109
XVI. Concluding Remarks110
Problems110
Chapter 5 Magnetic Properties113
I. Introduction113
II. Susceptibility114
III. Magnetization and Magnetic Moment114
IV. Magnetization Hysteresis116
V. Zero Field Cooling and Field Cooling117
VI. Granular Samples and Porosity120
VII. Magnetization Anisotropy121
VIII. Measurement Techniques122
IX. Comparison of Susceptibility and Resistivity Results124
X. Ellipsoids in Magnetic Fields124
XI. Demagnetization Factors125
XII. Measured Susceptibilities127
XIII. Sphere in a Magnetic Field128
XIV. Cylinder in a Magnetic Field129
XV. ac Susceptibility131
XVI. Temperature-Dependent Magnetization134
A. Pauli Paramagnetism134
B. Paramagnetism134
C. Antiferromagnetism136
XVII. Pauli Limit and Upper Critical Field137
XVIII. Ideal Type II Superconductor139
XIX. Magnets141
Problems142
Chapter 6 Ginzburg–Landau Theory143
I. Introduction143
II. Order Parameter144
III. Ginzburg–Landau Equations145
IV. Zero-Field Case Deep Inside Superconductor146
V. Zero-Field Case near Superconductor Boundary148
VI. Fluxoid Quantization149
VII. Penetration Depth150
VIII. Critical Current Density154
IX. London Equations155
X. Exponential Penetration155
XI. Normalized Ginzburg–Landau Equations160
XII. Type I and Type II Superconductivity161
XIII. Upper Critical Field BC2162
XIV. Structure of a Vortex164
A. Differential Equations164
B. Solutions for Short Distances165
C. Solution for Large Distances166
Further Reading168
Problems169
Chapter 7 BCS Theory171
Introduction171
II. Cooper Pairs172
III. The BCS Order Parameter174
IV. The BCS Hamiltonian176
V. The Bogoliubov Transformation177
VI. The Self-Consistent Gap Equation178
A. Solution of the Gap Equation Near Tc179
B. Solution At T = 0179
C. Nodes of the Order Parameter179
D. Single Band Singlet Pairing180
E. S-Wave Pairing180
F. Zero-Temperature Gap182
G. D-Wave Order Parameter184
H. Multi-Band Singlet Pairing185
VII. Response of a Superconductor to a Magnetic Field188
Appendix A. Derivation of the Gap Equation Near Tc190
Further Reading192
Chapter 8 Cuprate Crystallographic Structures195
I. Introduction195
II. Perovskites196
A. Cubic Form196
B. Tetragonal Form198
C. Orthorhombic Form198
D. Planar Representation199
III. Perovskite-Type Superconducting Structures200
IV. Aligned YBa2Cu3O7202
A. Copper Oxide Planes204
B. Copper Coordination204
C. Stacking Rules205
D. Crystallographic Phases205
E. Charge Distribution206
F. YBaCuO Formula207
G. YBa2Cu4O8 and Y2Ba4Cu7O15207
V. Aligned HgBaCaCuO208
VI. Body Centering210
VII. Body-Centered La2CuO4, Nd2CuO4 and Sr2RuO4211
A. Unit Cell of La2CuO4 Compound (T Phase)211
B. Layering Scheme212
C. Charge Distribution212
D. Superconducting Structures213
E. Nd2CuO4 Compound (T' Phase)213
F. La2–x–yRxSryCuO4 Compounds (T* Phase)216
G. Sr2RuO4 Compound (T Phase)217
VIII. Body-Centered BiSrCaCuO and TlBaCaCuO218
A. Layering Scheme218
B. Nomenclature219
C. Bi-Sr Compounds220
D. Tl-Ba Compounds220
E. Modulated Structures221
F. Aligned TI-Ba Compounds222
G. Lead Doping222
IX. Symmetries222
X. Layered Structure of the Cuprates223
XI. Infinite-Layer Phases225
XII. Conclusions227
Further Reading227
Problems228
Chapter 9 Unconventional Superconductors231
I. Introduction231
II. Heavy Electron Systems231
III. Magnesium Diboride236
A. Structure236
B. Physical Properties237
C. Anisotropies237
D. Fermi Surfaces239
E. Energy Gaps241
IV. Borocarbides and Boronitrides243
A. Crystal Structure243
B. Correlations of Superconducting Properties with Structure Parameters244
C. Density of States245
D. Thermodynamic and Electronic Properties247
E. Magnetic Interactions249
F. Magnetism of HoNi2B2C254
V. Perovskites256
A. Barium-Potassium-Bismuth Cubic Perovskite256
B. Magnesium-Carbon-Nickel Cubic Perovskite257
C. Barium-Lead-Bismuth Lower Symmetry Perovskite258
VI. Charge-Transfer Organics259
VII. Buckminsterfullerenes260
VIII. Symmetry of the Order Parameter in Unconventional Superconductors262
A. Symmetry of the Order Parameter in Cuprates262
a. Hole-doped high-Tc cuprates262
b. Electron-doped cuprates263
B. Organic Superconductors264
C. Influence of Bandstructure on Superconductivity266
a. MgB2266
b. NbSe2267
c. CaAlSi268
D. Some Other Superconductors268
a. Heavy-fermion superconductors268
b. Borocarbides269
c. Sr2RuO4269
d. MgCNi3270
IX. Magnetic Superconductors270
A. Coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism270
B. Antiferromagnetic Superconductors272
C. Magnetic Cuprate Superconductor – SmCeCuO272
Chapter 10 Hubbard Models and Band Structure275
I. Introduction275
II. Electron Configurations276
A. Configurations and Orbitals276
B. Tight-Binding Approximation277
III. Hubbard Model281
A. Wannier Functions and Electron Operators281
B. One-State Hubbard Model282
C. Electron-Hole Symmetry283
D. Half-Filling and Antiferromagnetic Correlations284
E. t-J Model285
F. Resonant-Valence Bonds286
G. Spinons, Holons, Slave Bosons, Anyons, and Semions287
H. Three-State Hubbard Model287
I. Energy Bands288
J. Metal-Insulator Transition289
IV. Band Structure of YBa2Cu3O7290
A. Energy Bands and Density of States291
B. Fermi Surface: Plane and Chain Bands292
V. Band Structure of Mercury Cuprates293
VI. Band Structures of Lanthanum, Bismuth, and Thallium Cuprates299
A. Orbital States299
B. Energy Bands and Density of States299
VII. Fermi Liquids302
VIII. Fermi Surface Nesting303
IX. Charge-Density Waves, Spin-Density Waves, and Spin Bags303
X. Mott-Insulator Transition304
XI. Discussion305
Further Reading305
Problems305
Chapter 11 Type I Superconductivity and the Intermediate State307
I. Introduction307
II. Intermediate State308
III. Surface Fields and Intermediate-State Configurations308
IV. Type I Ellipsoid310
V. Susceptibility311
VI. Gibbs Free Energy for the Intermediate State313
VII. Boundary-Wall Energy and Domains315
VIII. Thin Film in Applied Field317
IX. Domains in Thin Films318
X. Current-Induced Intermediate State322
XI. Recent Developments in Type I Superconductivity326
A. History and General Remarks326
B. The Intermediate State329
C. Magneto-Optics with In-Plane Magnetization – a Tool to Study Flux Patterns330
D. AC Response in the Intermediate State of Type I Superconductors332
XII. Mixed State in Type II Superconductors333
Problems334
Chapter 12 Type II Superconductivity337
I. Introduction337
II. Internal and Critical Fields338
A. Magnetic Field Penetration338
B. Ginzburg-Landau Parameter340
C. Critical Fields342
III. Vortices345
A. Magnetic Fields346
B. High-Kappa Approximation347
C. Average Internal Field and Vortex Separation349
D. Vortices near Lower Critical Field350
E. Vortices near Upper Critical Field352
F. Contour Plots of Field and Current Density352
G. Closed Vortices354
IV. Vortex Anisotropies355
A. Critical Fields and Characteristic Lengths356
B. Core Region and Current Flow357
C. Critical Fields357
D. High-Kappa Approximation361
E. Pancake Vortices363
F. Oblique Alignment363
V. Individual Vortex Motion364
A. Vortex Repulsion364
B. Pinning367
C. Equation of Motion368
D. Onset of Motion369
E. Magnus Force369
F. Steady-State Motion370
G. Intrinsic Pinning371
H. Vortex Entanglement371
VI. Flux Motion371
A. Flux Continuum371
B. Entry and Exit372
C. Two-Dimensional Fluid372
D. Dimensionality373
E. Solid and Glass Phases374
F. Flux in Motion374
G. Transport Current in a Magnetic Field375
H. Dissipation376
I. Magnetic Phase Diagram377
VII. Fluctuations378
A. Thermal Fluctuations378
B. Characteristic Length378
C. Entanglement of Flux Lines379
D. Irreversibility Line379
E. Kosterlitz–Thouless Transition381
Problems381
Chapter 13 Irreversible Properties385
I. Introduction385
II. Critical States385
III. Current–Field Relationships386
A. Transport and Shielding Current386
B. Maxwell Curl Equation and Pinning Force387
C. Determination of Current–Field Relationships388
IV. Critical-State Models388
A. Requirements of a Critical-State Model388
B. Model Characteristics388
V. Bean Model389
A. Low-Field Case389
B. High-Field Case390
C. Transport Current392
D. Combining Screening and Transport Current393
E. Pinning Strength395
F. Current-Magnetic Moment Conversion Formulae396
a. Elliptical cross-section396
b. Rectangular cross-section396
c. Triangular cross-section396
d. General remarks397
VI. Reversed Critical States and Hysteresis397
A. Reversing Field398
B. Magnetization401
C. Hysteresis Loops401
D. Magnetization Current403
VII. Perfect Type-I Superconductor405
VIII. Concluding Remarks406
Problems406
Chapter 14 Magnetic Penetration Depth409
I. Isotropic London Electrodynamics409
II. Penetration Depth in Anisotropic Samples411
III. Experimental Methods413
IV. Absolute Value of the Penetration Depth414
V. Penetration Depth and the Superconducting Gap416
A. Semiclassical Model for Superfluid Density416
a. Isotropic Fermi Surface417
b. Anisotroic Fermi Surface, Isotropic gap function418
B. Superconducting Gap418
C. Mixed Gaps419
D. Low-Temperatures420
a. s-wave pairing420
b. d-wave pairing420
c. p-wave pairing420
VI. Effect of Disorder and Impurities on the Penetration Depth421
A. Non-Magnetic Impurities421
B. Magnetic Impurities422
VII. Surface Andreev Bound States423
VIII. Nonlocal Electrodynamics of Nodal Superconductors425
IX. Nonlinear Meissner Effect426
X. AC Penetration Depth in the Mixed State (Small Amplitude Linear Response)428
XI. The Proximity Effect and its Identification by Using AC Penetration Depth Measurements430
Chapter 15 Energy Gap and Tunneling433
I. Introduction433
II. Phenomenon of Tunneling433
A. Conduction-Electron Energies434
B. Types of Tunneling435
III. Energy Level Schemes435
A. Semiconductor Representation435
B. Boson Condensation Representation436
IV. Tunneling Processes436
A. Conditions for Tunneling436
B. Normal Metal Tunneling438
C. Normal Metal – Superconductor Tunneling438
D. Superconductor – Superconductor Tunneling439
V. Quantitative Treatment of Tunneling440
A. Distribution Function440
B. Density of States442
C. Tunneling Current442
D. N–I–N Tunneling Current444
E. N–I–S Tunneling Current444
F. S–I–S Tunneling Current445
G. Nonequilibrium Quasiparticle Tunneling447
H. Tunneling in unconventional superconductors449
a. Introduction449
b. Zero-Bias Conductance Peak450
c. c-Axis Tunneling451
VI. Tunneling Measurements451
A. Weak Links452
B. Experimental Arrangements for Measuring Tunneling452
C. N–I–S Tunneling Measurements454
D. S–I–S Tunneling Measurements454
E. Energy Gap455
F. Proximity Effect457
G. Even–Odd Electron Effect459
VII. Josephson Effect459
A. Cooper Pair Tunneling460
B. dc Josephson Effect460
C. ac Josephson Effect462
D. Driven Junctions463
E. Inverse ac Josephson Effect466
F. Analogues of Josephson Junctions469
VIII. Magnetic Field and Size Effects472
A. Short Josephson Junction472
B. Long Josephson Junction476
C. Josephson Penetration Depth478
D. Two-Junction Loop479
E. Self-Induced Flux480
F. Junction Loop of Finite Size482
G. Ultrasmall Josephson Junction482
H. Arrays and Models for Granular Superconductors485
I. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device485
Problems486
Chapter 16 Transport Properties489
I. Introduction489
II. Inductive Superconducting Circuits489
A. Parallel Inductances490
B. Inductors490
C. Alternating Current Impedance491
III. Current Density Equilibration492
IV. Critical Current495
A. Anisotropy495
B. Magnetic Field Dependence496
V. Magnetoresistance497
A. Fields Applied above Tc498
B. Fields Applied below Tc500
C. Fluctuation Conductivity501
D. Flux-Flow Effects502
VI. Hall Effect504
A. Hall Effect above Tc505
B. Hall Effect below Tc507
VII. Thermal Conductivity508
A. Heat and Entropy Transport508
B. Thermal Conductivity in the Normal State509
C. Thermal Conductivity below Tc511
D. Magnetic Field Effects513
E. Anisotropy513
VIII. Thermoelectric and Thermomagnetic Effects513
A. Thermal Flux of Vortices515
B. Seebeck Effect516
C. Nernst Effect518
D. Peltier Effect522
E. Ettingshausen Effect522
F. Righi–Leduc Effect524
IX. Photoconductivity524
X. Transport Entropy527
Problems528
Chapter 17 Spectroscopic Properties531
I. Introduction531
II. Vibrational Spectroscopy532
A. Vibrational Transitions532
B. Normal Modes533
C. Soft Modes533
D. Infrared and Raman Active Modes533
E. Kramers-Kronig Analysis535
F. Infrared Spectra536
G. Light-Beam Polarization538
H. Raman Spectra539
I. Energy Gap541
III. Optical Spectroscopy543
IV. Photoemission545
A. Measurement Technique545
B. Energy Levels546
C. Core-Level Spectra551
D. Valence Band Spectra552
E. Energy Bands and Density of States554
V. X-Ray Absorption Edges555
A. X-ray Absorption555
B. Electron-Energy Loss558
VI. Inelastic Neutron Scattering559
VII. Positron Annihilation561
VIII. Magnetic Resonance565
A. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance566
B. Quadrupole Resonance571
C. Electron-Spin Resonance574
D. Nonresonant Microwave Absorption575
E. Microwave Energy Gap577
F. Muon-Spin Relaxation578
G. Mössbauer Resonance579
Problems581
References583
Index633

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780120887613
ISBN-13 9780080550480
Author Poole, Charles P., Jr.; Farach, Horacio A.; Creswick, Richard J.; Prozorov, Ruslan
Edition 2nd
Category Technology & Engineering
Subject Superconductors & Superconductivity

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Superconductivity, 2E is an encyclopedic treatment of all aspects of the subject, from classic materials to fullerenes. Emphasis is on balanced coverage, with a comprehensive reference list and significant graphicsfrom all areas of the published literature. Widely used theoretical approaches are explained in detail. Topics of special interest include high temperature superconductors, spectroscopy, critical states, transport properties, and tunneling.

This book covers the whole field of superconductivity from both the theoretical and the experimental point of view.

- Comprehensive coverage of the field of superconductivity
- Very up-to date on magnetic properties, fluxons, anisotropies, etc.
- Over 2500 references to the literature
- Long lists of data on the various types of superconductors

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