Swarm Intelligence
Eberhart, Russell C.; Shi, Yuhui; Kennedy, James
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- A Thumbnail Sketch of Particle Swarm Optimizationxvii
- What This Book Is, and Is Not, Aboutxviii
- Assertionsxx
- Organization of the Bookxxii
- Softwarexxv
- Definitionsxxvi
- Acknowledgmentsxxvii
- Part One Foundations1
- 1 Models and Concepts of Life and Intelligence3
- The Mechanics of Life and Thought4
- Stochastic Adaptation: Is Anything Ever Really Random?9
- The "Two Great Stochastic Systems"12
- The Game of Life: Emergence in Complex Systems16
- The Game of Life17
- Emergence18
- Cellular Automata and the Edge of Chaos20
- Artificial Life in Computer Programs26
- Intelligence: Good Minds in People and Machines30
- Intelligence in People: The Boring Criterion30
- Intelligence in Machines: The Turing Criterion32
- 2 Symbols, Connections, and Optimization by Trial and Error35
- Symbols in Trees and Networks36
- Problem Solving and Optimization48
- A Super-Simple Optimization Problem49
- Three Spaces of Optimization51
- Fitness Landscapes52
- High-Dimensional Cognitive Space and Word Meanings55
- Two Factors of Complexity:60
- Landscapes60
- Combinatorial Optimization64
- Binary Optimization67
- Random and Greedy Searches71
- Hill Climbing72
- Simulated Annealing73
- Binary and Gray Coding74
- Step Sizes and Granularity75
- Optimizing with Real Numbers77
- Summary78
- 3 On Our Nonexistence as Entities: The Social Organism81
- Views of Evolution82
- Gaia: The Living Earth83
- Differential Selection86
- Our Microscopic Masters?91
- Looking for the Right Zoom Angle92
- Flocks, Herds, Schools, and Swarms: Social Behavior as Optimization94
- Accomplishments of the Social Insects98
- Optimizing with Simulated Ants: Computational105
- Swarm Intelligence105
- Staying Together but Not Colliding: Flocks, Herds,109
- and Schools109
- Robot Societies115
- Shallow Understanding125
- Agency129
- Summary131
- 4 Evolutionary Computation Theory and Paradigms133
- Introduction134
- Evolutionary Computation History134
- The Four Areas of Evolutionary Computation135
- Genetic Algorithms135
- Evolutionary Programming139
- Evolution Strategies140
- Genetic Programming141
- Toward Unification141
- Evolutionary Computation Overview142
- EC Paradigm Attributes142
- Implementation143
- Genetic Algorithms146
- An Overview146
- A Simple GA Example Problem147
- A Review of GA Operations152
- Schemata and the Schema Theorem159
- Final Comments on Genetic Algorithms163
- Evolutionary Programming164
- The Evolutionary Programming Procedure165
- Finite State Machine Evolution166
- Function Optimization169
- Final Comments171
- Evolution Strategies172
- Mutation172
- Recombination174
- Selection175
- Genetic Programming179
- Summary185
- 5 Humans „ Actual, Imagined, and Implied187
- Studying Minds188
- The Fall of the Behaviorist Empire193
- The Cognitive Revolution195
- Bandura’s Social Learning Paradigm197
- Social Psychology199
- Lewin’s Field Theory200
- Norms, Conformity, and Social Influence202
- Sociocognition205
- Simulating Social Influence206
- Paradigm Shifts in Cognitive Science210
- The Evolution of Cooperation214
- Explanatory Coherence216
- Networks in Groups218
- Culture in Theory and Practice220
- Coordination Games223
- The El Farol Problem226
- Sugarscape229
- Tesfatsion’s ACE232
- Picker’s Competing-Norms Model233
- Latan'’s Dynamic Social Impact Theory235
- Boyd and Richerson’s Evolutionary Culture Model240
- Memetics245
- Memetic Algorithms248
- Cultural Algorithms253
- Convergence of Basic and Applied Research254
- Culture-and Life without It255
- Summary258
- 6 Thinking Is Social261
- Introduction262
- Adaptation on Three Levels263
- The Adaptive Culture Model263
- Axelrod’s Culture Model265
- Experiment One: Similarity in Axelrod’s Model267
- Experiment Two: Optimization of an Arbitrary Function268
- Experiment Three: A Slightly Harder and More Interesting Function269
- Experiment Four: A Hard Function271
- Experiment Five: Parallel Constraint Satisfaction273
- Experiment Six: Symbol Processing279
- Discussion282
- Summary284
- Part Two The Particle Swarm and Collective Intelligence285
- 7 The Particle Swarm287
- Sociocognitive Underpinnings: Evaluate, Compare, and Imitate288
- Evaluate288
- Compare288
- Imitate289
- A Model of Binary Decision289
- Testing the Binary Algorithm with the De Jong Test Suite297
- No Free Lunch299
- Multimodality302
- Minds as Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Networks307
- in Cultures307
- The Particle Swarm in Continuous Numbers309
- The Particle Swarm in Real-Number Space309
- Pseudocode for Particle Swarm Optimization in313
- Continuous Numbers313
- Implementation Issues314
- An Example: Particle Swarm Optimization of Neural314
- Net Weights314
- A Real-World Application318
- The Hybrid Particle Swarm319
- Science as Collaborative Search320
- Emergent Culture, Immergent Intelligence323
- Summary324
- 8 Variations and Comparisons327
- Variations of the Particle Swarm Paradigm328
- Parameter Selection328
- Controlling the Explosion337
- Particle Interactions342
- Neighborhood Topology343
- Substituting Cluster Centers for Previous Bests347
- Adding Selection to Particle Swarms353
- Comparing Inertia Weights and Constriction Factors354
- Asymmetric Initialization357
- Some Thoughts on Variations359
- Are Particle Swarms Really a Kind of Evolutionary Algorithm?361
- Evolution beyond Darwin362
- Selection and Self-Organization363
- Ergodicity: Where Can It Get from Here?366
- Convergence of Evolutionary Computation and367
- Particle Swarms367
- Summary368
- 9 Applications369
- Evolving Neural Networks with Particle Swarms370
- Review of Previous Work370
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Previous Approaches374
- The Particle Swarm Optimization Implementation376
- Used Here376
- Implementing Neural Network Evolution377
- An Example Application379
- Conclusions381
- Human Tremor Analysis382
- Data Acquisition Using Actigraphy383
- Data Preprocessing385
- Analysis with Particle Swarm Optimization386
- Summary389
- Other Applications389
- Computer Numerically Controlled Milling Optimization389
- Ingredient Mix Optimization391
- Reactive Power and Voltage Control391
- Battery Pack State-of-Charge Estimation391
- Summary392
- 10 Implications and Speculations393
- Introduction394
- Assertions395
- Up from Social Learning: Bandura398
- Information and Motivation399
- Vicarious versus Direct Experience399
- The Spread of Influence400
- Machine Adaptation401
- Learning or Adaptation?402
- Cellular Automata403
- Down from Culture405
- Soft Computing408
- Interaction within Small Groups: Group Polarization409
- Informational and Normative Social Influence411
- Self-Esteem412
- Self-Attribution and Social Illusion414
- Summary419
- 11 And in Conclusion . . .421
- Appendix A Statistics for Swarmers429
- Descriptive Statistics430
- Inferential Statistics432
- Confidence Intervals434
- Student’s435
- Test435
- One-Way Analysis of Variance437
- Factorial ANOVA439
- Multivariate ANOVA443
- Regression Analysis444
- The Chi-Square Test of Independence446
- Experimental Design448
- Appendix B Genetic Algorithm Implementation451
- The Run File452
- Recompiling455
- Running the Program456
- Index497
- Vendor Elsevier S & T
- SKU 9781558605954
- ISBN-13 9780080518268
- Author Eberhart, Russell C.; Shi, Yuhui; Kennedy, James
- Category Computers
- Subject Computer Graphics
Do you have questions about this book?
Traditional methods for creating intelligent computational systems have
privileged private "internal" cognitive and computational processes. In
contrast, Swarm Intelligence argues that human
intelligence derives from the interactions of individuals in a social world
and further, that this model of intelligence can be effectively applied to
artificially intelligent systems. The authors first present the foundations of
this new approach through an extensive review of the critical literature in
social psychology, cognitive science, and evolutionary computation. They
then show in detail how these theories and models apply to a new
computational intelligence methodology—particle swarms—which focuses
on adaptation as the key behavior of intelligent systems. Drilling down
still further, the authors describe the practical benefits of applying particle
swarm optimization to a range of engineering problems. Developed by
the authors, this algorithm is an extension of cellular automata and
provides a powerful optimization, learning, and problem solving method.
This important book presents valuable new insights by exploring the
boundaries shared by cognitive science, social psychology, artificial life,
artificial intelligence, and evolutionary computation and by applying these
insights to the solving of difficult engineering problems. Researchers and
graduate students in any of these disciplines will find the material
intriguing, provocative, and revealing as will the curious and savvy
computing professional.
* Places particle swarms within the larger context of intelligent
adaptive behavior and evolutionary computation.
* Describes recent results of experiments with the particle swarm
optimization (PSO) algorithm
* Includes a basic overview of statistics to ensure readers can
properly analyze the results of their own experiments using the
algorithm.
* Support software which can be downloaded from the publishers
website, includes a Java PSO applet, C and Visual Basic source
code.
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