Elsevier S & T

Teratology in the Twentieth Century: Congenital malformations in humans and how their environmental causes were established

Kalter, H.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Teratology in the Twentieth Centuryiii
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Contents131
  • PREFACE134
  • CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTORY MATTERS135
  • Coincidental discoveries136
  • Early genetic studies136
  • CHAPTER 2. DEFINITIONS136
  • Introduction: styles136
  • A small parenthesis137
  • Congenital means present at birth137
  • Malformations: abnormalities of structure138
  • Recognition of malformations138
  • Major and minor malformations138
  • Minor malformations and variants139
  • CHAPTER 3. CLASSIFICATION139
  • Introduction: why classify139
  • Classification by cause139
  • Classification by type140
  • Classification by pathogenesis141
  • Nomenclature141
  • Taxonomic innovations142
  • The developmental field concept143
  • CHAPTER 4. FREQUENCY143
  • Introduction: early findings143
  • Difficulties of establishing frequency144
  • A matter of names144
  • How often do malformations happen?145
  • A definite definition145
  • An aside145
  • Why investigate malformation frequency145
  • Ascertainment146
  • Underestimating frequency146
  • Overestimating frequency146
  • Biological factors147
  • Miscellaneous factors147
  • CHAPTER 5. EARLY HUMAN STUDIES148
  • Introduction: the principal objective148
  • X-irradiation148
  • Rubella152
  • Other infectious diseases155
  • Problems regarding intrauterine infection156
  • Intrauterine infection in animals157
  • CHAPTER 6. PIONEERING WORKS157
  • Irradiation studies not appreciated157
  • Vitamin deficiency157
  • CHAPTER 7. EARLY EXPERIMENTS159
  • Introduction: new needs and ideas159
  • Principles of teratology160
  • Vitamin A and diaphragmatic hernia160
  • Power of genetics161
  • Basis of diaphragmatic hernia161
  • Early investigators162
  • Trypan blue162
  • Hypoxia162
  • A little break: Down syndrome163
  • Cortisone studies and by-products163
  • A variety of experiments165
  • Vitamin antimetabolites165
  • CHAPTER 8. NEW CHALLENGES166
  • Infant mortality and malformations166
  • Teratology conferences167
  • The Teratology Society167
  • CHAPTER 9. THALIDOMIDE167
  • The event167
  • The thalidomide syndrome168
  • The revelation168
  • Thalidomide: safety and sales169
  • Toxicity in adults169
  • Thalidomide in the USA169
  • Thalidomide's teratogenic mechanism170
  • Dose- and time-response relations170
  • Animal studies with thalidomide171
  • Postscript: was anyone to blame?172
  • The future?172
  • CHAPTER 10. TESTING FOR TERATOGENICITY173
  • Proposals for drug testing173
  • The procedure174
  • The consequence174
  • The dose-response curve174
  • Teratogens and mutagens174
  • CHAPTER 11. TERATOLOGICAL DETOURS175
  • Bendectin175
  • Blighted potatoes177
  • Female sex hormones178
  • Diethylstilbestrol179
  • CHAPTER 12. SURVEILLANCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS181
  • Introduction: fears and demands181
  • Surveillance and monitoring181
  • Monitoring's limited abilities182
  • CHAPTER 13. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS182
  • The classical method182
  • Epidemiology of malformation communities183
  • Familial studies183
  • Pyloric stenosis183
  • Clefts of the lip and palate184
  • Neural tube defects184
  • CHAPTER 14. HUMAN DISEASE AS TERATOGEN185
  • Phenylketonuria186
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus190
  • Hyperthermia196
  • CHAPTER 15. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS197
  • Introduction: widespread dangers197
  • Iodine deficiency198
  • Organic mercury199
  • Agent Orange200
  • Seveso205
  • Sellafield206
  • Chernobyl207
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls207
  • Love Canal: a study in political teratology209
  • CHAPTER 16. DISEASE MEDICATION AND TERATOGENESIS210
  • Introduction210
  • Retinoids210
  • Anticonvulsant drugs215
  • Lithium222
  • CHAPTER 17. FOLIC ACID AND HUMAN MALFORMATIONS224
  • Folic acid deficiency: long-debated effects224
  • Maternal folic acid status and NTD224
  • Later folate concentration studies225
  • The connection develops225
  • NTD definition226
  • Maternal vitamin usage and NTD226
  • Folic acid and NTD recurrence226
  • Folic acid and NTD occurrence228
  • Has folic acid prevented NTD?232
  • Finale236
  • Addendum237
  • Genes and NTD risk237
  • CHAPTER 18. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING PREGNANCY237
  • Introduction: blessing and curse237
  • Early Seattle study237
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome237
  • FAS expanded238
  • FAS specificity238
  • Diagnosing the FAS239
  • Fetal alcohol effects239
  • The epidemiological process240
  • Prospective studies240
  • Retrospective studies247
  • Alcohol and neurodevelopment249
  • Alcohol and spontaneous abortion250
  • Prevalence of the FAS252
  • The fundamental problem254
  • Animal abortion studies254
  • Finale254
  • B. Franklin on wine254
  • CHAPTER 19. THE ACCOMPLISHMENT AND THE EXPECTATION255
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY256
  • INDEX283
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444513649
  • ISBN-13 9780080542355
  • Author Kalter, H.
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Diseases

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Description eBook delivery & access Reviews
This book is an an up-to-date survey and summary of present knowledge and future expectations regarding the environmental causes of congenital malformations in human beings, beginning with the earliest discoveries of the 20th century up to the latest ideas and problems at its end, presents views and comments on the progress made over the century in understanding human prenatal maldevelopment.