The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Acknowledgementsxi
- Forewordxiii
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- METABOLIC BONE DISEASE: A DEFINITION2
- FORMAT OF THE BOOK3
- Chapter 2. The Study of Metabolic Bone Disease in Bioarchaeology7
- APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF METABOLIC BONE DISEASE7
- CHALLENGES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF METABOLIC BONE DISEASE10
- Museum Collections10
- Archaeological Human Bone11
- Paleopathological Diagnoses17
- Demographic Issues18
- MODERN MEDICAL DATA18
- GENETICS AND ANTHROPOLOGY19
- CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY19
- NUTRITIONAL AND MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY20
- PRIMATOLOGY20
- CONCLUSIONS20
- Chapter 3. Background to Bone Biology and Mineral Metabolism21
- BONE TISSUE: CORTICAL AND TRABECULAR BONE21
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONE STRUCTURE: WOVEN BONE AND LAMELLAR BONE22
- BONE CELLS24
- MODELLING AND REMODELLING: GROWTH AND ADULTHOOD28
- Mechanisms of Growth28
- Modelling28
- Remodelling29
- Bone Mineralisation: The Extracellular Matrix (osteoid)30
- Tooth Formation and Mineralisation32
- REASONS FOR REMODELLING32
- Box Feature 3.1. Bone Biology in Context of the Life Course33
- BONE BIOLOGY IN FRACTURE HEALING34
- MINERAL METABOLISM DURING LIFE36
- Extracellular Mineral Metabolism36
- CONCLUSIONS40
- Chapter 4. Vitamin C Deficiency Scurvy41
- CAUSES OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY41
- Sources of Vitamin C41
- Box Feature 4.1. Scurvy and Weaning45
- THE ROLE OF VITAMIN C47
- Vitamin C Requirements47
- CONSEQUENCES OF SCURVY48
- Consequences for Adults48
- Consequences for Children49
- SCURVY IN THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE49
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES51
- Reference to Probable Scurvy in Early Texts51
- Box Feature 4.2. Subsistence Change and the Development of Scurvy: The Origins of Agriculture52
- A More Recent View of Scurvy in the Past54
- PALEOPATHOLOGICAL CASES OF SCURVY54
- DIAGNOSIS OF SCURVY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE56
- Macroscopic Features of Infantile Scurvy56
- Macroscopic Features of Adult Scurvy61
- Radiological Features of Infantile Scurvy62
- Radiological Features of Adult Scurvy63
- Histological Features of Infantile Scurvy65
- Histological Features of Adult Scurvy67
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS69
- Box Feature 4.3. Scurvy in Non-Human Primates: A Result of Human Actions71
- CONCLUSIONS71
- APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY72
- Chapter 5. Vitamin D Deficiency75
- THE SKELETAL REQUIREMENT OF VITAMIN D75
- TERMINOLOGY77
- CAUSES OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY77
- Sunlight77
- Cultural Practices and Sunlight Exposure81
- Skin Pigmentation and Genetic Adaptations81
- Food Sources82
- Pregnancy and Lactation84
- Increased Age86
- Age-Related Osteoporosis87
- Additional Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency with Effects on Mineral Metabolism87
- RICKETS90
- CONSEQUENCES OF RICKETS91
- Historical Recognition of Rickets92
- RICKETS IN THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE92
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: RICKETS94
- Box Feature 5.1. Beyond Fighting: The Physiological Impact of Warfare96
- PALEOPATHOLOGICAL CASES OF RICKETS96
- DIAGNOSIS OF RICKETS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE97
- Macroscopic Features of Rickets97
- Radiological Features of Rickets100
- Histological Features of Rickets101
- RESIDUAL RICKETS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: ADULT EVIDENCE OF CHILDHOOD VITAMIN D DEFICIENC102
- DIAGNOSIS OF RESIDUAL RICKETS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE109
- Macroscopic Features of Residual Rickets109
- Radiological Features of Residual Rickets112
- Histological Features of Rickets112
- CO-MORBIDITIES113
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS114
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY OSTEOMALACIA114
- Pseudofractures118
- ADULT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE119
- Box Feature 5.2. Physical and Non-Violent Manifestations of Abuse122
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: OSTEOMALACIA123
- Paleopathological Cases of Osteomalacia123
- DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOMALACIA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE125
- Macroscopic Features of Osteomalacia125
- Radiological Features of Osteomalacia125
- Histological Features of Osteomalacia126
- CONCLUSIONS133
- APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY134
- Chapter 6. Age-Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis151
- DEFINITIONS OF OSTEOPOROSIS151
- CAUSES OF AGE-RELATED OSTEOPOROSIS152
- Menopause152
- Increased Age153
- Peak Bone Mass155
- Mechanical Loading155
- Extremes of Exercise156
- Continuing Sub-Periosteal Apposition157
- Genetics and Population Groups157
- Nutrition and Lifestyle158
- SKELETAL FEATURES OF AGE-RELATED OSTEOPOROSIS158
- CONSEQUENCES OF AGE-RELATED OSTEOPOROSIS: FRACTURES158
- Distal Radius Fractures (Colles' Fractures)160
- Vertebral Fractures163
- Femoral Fractures167
- OSTEOPOROSIS IN THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE170
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES171
- Box Feature 6.1. Historical and Anthropological Perspectives of Aging172
- Age-Related Osteoporosis in Men172
- Box Feature 6.2. Animal Studies in Osteoporosis I: Age-Related Bone Loss173
- Box Feature 6.3. Problems in the Determination of Age-Related Bone Changes in Biological Anthropolog175
- PALEOPATHOLOGICAL CASES OF AGE-RELATED OSTEOPOROSIS176
- CO-MORBIDITIES179
- DIAGNOSIS OF AGE-RELATED BONE LOSS AND OSTEOPOROSIS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE179
- Macroscopic Features of Osteoporosis179
- Radiological Features of Osteoporosis179
- Histological Changes of Osteoporosis182
- CONCLUSIONS183
- Chapter 7. Secondary Osteopenia and Osteoporosis185
- CAUSES OF SECONDARY OSTEOPENIA AND OSTEOPOROSIS185
- OSTEOPENIA AND MOBILITY185
- Effects of Immobilisation186
- Box Feature 7.1. Animal Studies in Osteoporosis II: Immobilisation-Related Osteopenia187
- Trauma and Causes of Immobility188
- Non-Long Bone Trauma and Additional Causes of Disuse Osteoporosis188
- Bone Loss in Infectious Diseases192
- Immobility in Viral Conditions197
- Congenital and Developmental Conditions197
- Osteopenia in Spinal Cord or Neuromuscular System Afflictions197
- Box Feature 7.2. Implications of Immobility and Inferences of Disability198
- OSTEOPENIA IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS199
- Joint Disease199
- Haematopoietic Conditions200
- Neoplastic and Malignant Conditions200
- THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON OSTEOPOROSIS RISK202
- Dietary Acid Load and Proposed Mechanisms of Bone Loss202
- Calcium202
- Protein205
- Fatty Acids207
- Fruit and Vegetables207
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES209
- Calcium in the Evolutionary Perspective209
- The Effect of Meat Eating on Calcium Adequacy211
- Box Feature 7.3. The Health of Adaptive and Transitional Diets: Integrated Approaches?212
- Calcium Availability with the Onset of Domestication213
- DIAGNOSIS OF SECONDARY OSTEOPENIA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE216
- CONCLUSIONS216
- Chapter 8. Paget's Disease of Bone217
- POSSIBLE CAUSES OF PAGET'S DISEASE217
- Box Feature 8.1. Animal Paleopathology219
- CONSEQUENCES OF PAGET'S DISEASE219
- Pelvic Changes221
- Cranial Changes221
- Long Bone Changes222
- Other Bones that can be Affected223
- CO-MORBIDITIES224
- PAGET'S DISEASE IN THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE225
- Age and Sex225
- Geographic Variation226
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES226
- PALEOPATHOLOGICAL CASES OF PAGET'S DISEASE226
- DIAGNOSIS OF PAGET'S DISEASE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE230
- Macroscopic Features of Paget's Disease230
- Radiological Features of Paget's Disease231
- Histological Features of Paget's Disease237
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS238
- Box Feature 8.2. The Contribution of Paleopathology to Modern Medicine238
- CONCLUSIONS239
- Chapter 9. Miscellaneous Conditions241
- FLUOROSIS241
- CONSEQUENCES OF FLUOROSIS241
- Dental Fluorosis241
- Skeletal Fluorosis242
- CO-MORBIDITIES243
- FLUOROSIS IN THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE243
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: FLUOROSIS245
- PALEOPATHOLOGICAL CASES OF FLUOROSIS247
- Other Conditions Linked to Intoxication249
- HYPERPARATHYROIDISM250
- CAUSES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM250
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism250
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism250
- CONSEQUENCES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM251
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: HYPERPARATHYROIDISM251
- PALEOPATHOLOGICAL CASES OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM252
- DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE252
- PELLAGRA252
- Box Feature 9.1. Anthropological Investigations of Displaced Peoples256
- STARVATION257
- Box Feature 9.2. Malnutrition, Starvation and Osteoporosis258
- RARE METABOLIC BONE DISEASES258
- Hyperostosis258
- Hypophosphatasia259
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta260
- Osteopetrosis260
- CONCLUSIONS260
- Chapter 10. Overview and Directions for Future Research261
- BONE BIOLOGY261
- VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY, SCURVY262
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA262
- AGE-RELATED OSTEOPOROSIS263
- SECONDARY OSTEOPENIA AND OSTEOPOROSIS264
- PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE265
- MISCELLANEOUS METABOLIC BONE DISEASES265
- CONCLUSIONS265
- Bibliography267
- Index321
- A321
- B321
- C322
- D324
- E324
- F324
- G325
- H325
- I326
- J326
- K326
- L326
- M327
- N328
- O328
- P329
- R330
- S330
- T332
- U332
- V332
- W333
- Y333
- Z333
The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease provides a comprehensive and invaluable source of information on this important group of diseases. It is an essential guide for those engaged in either basic recording or in-depth research on human remains from archaeological sites. The range of potential tools for investigating metabolic diseases of bone are far greater than for many other conditions, and building on clinical investigations, this book will consider gross, surface features visible using microscopic examination, histological and radiological features of bone, that can be used to help investigate metabolic bone diseases.
*Clear photographs and line drawings illustrate gross, histological and radiological features associated with each of the conditions
*Covers a range of issues pertinent to the study of metabolic bone disease in archaeological skeletal material, including the problems that frequent co-existence of these conditions in individuals living in the past raises, the preservation of human bone and the impact this has on the ability to suggest a diagnosis of a condition
*Includes a range of conditions that can lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis, including previous investigations of these conditions in archaeological bone
*Clear photographs and line drawings illustrate gross, histological and radiological features associated with each of the conditions
*Covers a range of issues pertinent to the study of metabolic bone disease in archaeological skeletal material, including the problems that frequent co-existence of these conditions in individuals living in the past raises, the preservation of human bone and the impact this has on the ability to suggest a diagnosis of a condition
*Includes a range of conditions that can lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis, including previous investigations of these conditions in archaeological bone