Elsevier S & T

The Biology of Human Longevity:: Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans

Finch, Caleb E.

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Table of contents
  • The Biology of Human Longevity4
  • Copyright Page5
  • Contents6
  • Preface12
  • Acknowledgments14
  • Chapter 1: Inflammation and Oxidation in Aging and Chronic Diseases15
  • Part I16
  • 1.1. Overview16
  • 1.2. Experimental Models for Aging24
  • 1.2.1. Mortality Rate Accelerations24
  • 1.2.2. Mammals26
  • 1.2.3. Cultured Cell Models and Replicative Senescence45
  • 1.2.4. Invertebrate Models46
  • 1.2.5. Yeast48
  • 1.2.6. The Biochemistry of Aging49
  • 1.2.7. Biomarkers of Aging and Mortality Risk Markers56
  • 1.2.8. Evolutionary Theories of Aging58
  • 1.3. Outline of Inflammation63
  • 1.3.1. Innate Defense Mechanisms64
  • 1.3.2. Genetic Variations of Inflammatory Responses68
  • 1.3.3. Inflammation and Energy70
  • 1.3.4. Amyloids and Inflammation73
  • 1.4. Bystander Damage and Dependent Variables in Senescence74
  • 1.4.1. Free Radical Bystander Damage (Type 1)75
  • 1.4.2. Glyco-oxidation (Type 2)77
  • 1.4.3. Chronic Proliferation (Type 3)77
  • 1.4.4. Mechanical Bystander Effects (Type 4)78
  • Part II79
  • 1.5. Arterial Aging and Atherosclerosis79
  • 1.5.1. Overview and Ontogeny80
  • 1.5.2. Hazards of Hypertension88
  • 1.5.3. Mechanisms89
  • 1.5.3.1. Inflammation89
  • 1.5.3.2. Hemodynamics93
  • 1.5.3.3. Aging95
  • 1.5.3.4. Endothelial Progenitor Cells98
  • 1.5.4. Blood Risk Factors for Vascular Disease and Overlap with Acute Phase Responses98
  • 1.6. Alzheimer Disease and Vascular-related Dementias100
  • 1.6.1. Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease101
  • 1.6.2. Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease105
  • 1.6.3. Prodromal Stages of Alzheimer Disease108
  • 1.6.4. Overlap of Alzheimer and Cerebrovascular Changes109
  • 1.6.5. Insulin and IGF-1 in Vascular Disease and Alzheimer Disease113
  • 1.6.6. Blood Inflammatory Proteins: Markers for Disease or Aging, or Both?115
  • 1.7. Inflammation in Obesity117
  • 1.8. Processes of Normal Aging in the Absence of Specific Diseases120
  • 1.8.1. Brain121
  • 1.8.2. Generalized Inflammatory Changes in Normal Tissue Aging121
  • 1.9. Summary126
  • Chapter 2 :Infections, Inflammogens, and Drugs127
  • 2.1. Introduction128
  • 2.2. Vascular Disease128
  • 2.2.1. Historical Associations of Infections and Vascular Mortality128
  • 2.2.2. Modern Serologic Associations129
  • 2.3. Infections from the Central Tube: Metchnikoff Revisited135
  • 2.3.1. Humans: Leakage from Periodontal Disease and Possibly the Lower Intestine135
  • 2.3.2. Worms and Flies as Models for Human Intestinal Microbial Intrusion139
  • 2.4. Aerosols and Dietary Inflammogens140
  • 2.4.1. Aerosols141
  • 2.4.2. Food143
  • 2.5. Infections, Inflammation, and Life Span145
  • 2.5.1. Historical Human Populations145
  • 2.5.2. Longer Rodent Life Spans with Improved Husbandry150
  • 2.6. Are Infections a Cause of Obesity?156
  • 2.7. Inflammation, Dementia, and Cognitive Decline157
  • 2.7.1. Alzheimer Disease157
  • 2.7.2. HIV, Dementia, and Amyloid159
  • 2.7.3. Peripheral Amyloids161
  • 2.7.4. Inflammation and Cognitive Decline During ‘Usual’ Aging161
  • 2.8. Immunosenescence and Stem Cells164
  • 2.8.1. Immunosenescence and Cumulative Exposure164
  • 2.8.2. Immunosenescence and Telomere Loss166
  • 2.8.3. Inflammation and Stem Cells167
  • 2.9. Cancer, Infection, and Inflammation168
  • 2.9.1. Helicobacter Pylori and Hepatitis B Virus168
  • 2.9.2. Smoking and Lung Cancer170
  • 2.10. Pharmacopleiotropies in Vascular Disease, Dementia, and Cancer172
  • 2.10.1. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-coagulant Drugs172
  • 2.10.2. Aspirin and Other NSAIDs175
  • 2.10.3. Statins176
  • 2.10.3.1. Vascular Disease176
  • 2.10.3.2. Dementia178
  • 2.10.4. Sex Steroid Replacement (Hormone Therapy)179
  • 2.10.5. Plant-derived Micronutrients and Neutriceuticals183
  • 2.11. Summary186
  • Chapter 3: Energy Balance, Inflammation, and Aging189
  • 3.1. Introduction190
  • 3.2. Diet Restriction and Aging191
  • 3.2.1. Overview of Animal Models191
  • 3.2.2. Diet Restriction and Disease in Rodent Models198
  • 3.2.3. Diet Restriction, Starvation, Vascular Disease, and Longevity in Humans200
  • 3.2.4. Diet Restriction, Infections and Inflammation206
  • 3.2.5. Somatic Repair and Regeneration213
  • 3.3. Energy Sensing in Diet Restriction and Satiety214
  • 3.3.1. Physiology215
  • 3.3.2. Biochemistry216
  • 3.3.3. Relevance to Arterial Disease and Cancer224
  • 3.4. Exercise, Cardiovascular Health, and Longevity225
  • 3.4.1. Humans226
  • 3.4.2. Rodent Models229
  • 3.4.3. Mechanisms in Exercise and Longevity230
  • 3.5. Diet, Exercise, and Neurodegeneration233
  • 3.5.1. Alzheimer Disease233
  • 3.5.2. Synaptic Atrophy in the Absence of Neurodegeneration235
  • 3.6. Laboratory Rodents as Models for the ‘Couch Potato’239
  • 3.7. Energy Balance in the Life History242
  • 3.8. Summary245
  • Chapter 4: Nutrition and Infection in the Developmental Influences on Aging247
  • 4.1. Introduction248
  • 4.2. Synopsis of the Fetal Origins Theory250
  • 4.3. The Barker Studies of Infections and Vascular Disease255
  • 4.4. Size, Health, and Longevity259
  • 4.4.1. Adult Height, Vascular Disease, and Longevity260
  • 4.4.2. Size at Birth and Adult Height263
  • 4.4.3. Criteria for Growth Retardation266
  • 4.4.4. Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Growth268
  • 4.4.5. Birth Size and Adult Vascular and Metabolic Disease272
  • 4.4.6. Twins: Small Size at Birth and Catch-up Growth, but Normal Longevity276
  • 4.5. Infection and Undernutrition on Birth Weight and Later Disease276
  • 4.5.1. The Tangle277
  • 4.5.2. Maternal Infections and Nutrition277
  • 4.5.3. Smoking and Aerosols281
  • 4.6. Infection and Nutrition in Postnatal Development and Later Disease281
  • 4.6.1. Diarrheas in Growth Retardation281
  • 4.6.2. Seasonal Effects282
  • 4.6.3. Serum Immune Response Markers of Chronic Infection in Health-Poor Children284
  • 4.6.4. Infections During Development286
  • 4.6.5. The Cost of Infections to Postnatal Growth: Evidence from Migration and Antibiotics287
  • 4.6.6. Unknowns289
  • 4.7. Famine290
  • 4.7.1. World War II (WWII)290
  • 4.7.2. 19th Century Famines300
  • 4.8. Maternal Physiology, Fetal Growth, and Later Chronic Disease303
  • 4.9. Growth in Adaptive Responses to the Environment309
  • 4.10. Genomics of Fetal Growth Regulation312
  • 4.10.1. Inherited Genetic Variations313
  • 4.10.2. Gene Imprinting: Inherited but Epigenetic Influences on Development313
  • 4.11. Summary316
  • Chapter 5: Genetics319
  • 5.1. Introduction320
  • 5.2. Sources of Individual Variations in Aging and Life Span320
  • 5.3. Sex Differences in Longevity324
  • 5.4. Metabolism and Host-Defense in Worm and Fly329
  • 5.4.1. Metabolic Gene Signaling329
  • 5.4.2. Immunity and Metabolism332
  • 5.5. The Worm337
  • 5.5.1. Overview337
  • 5.5.2. Slower Eating Increases Life Span339
  • 5.5.3. Metabolism and Host Defense339
  • 5.6. Fly343
  • 5.6.1. Overview343
  • 5.6.2. Metabolism and Diet Restriction344
  • 5.6.3. Heart347
  • 5.6.4. Infections, Host Defense, and Stress Resistance349
  • 5.6.5. Natural Variations in Longevity Pathways351
  • 5.7. Mammals352
  • 5.7.1. Growth and Metabolism352
  • 5.7.1.1. Rodent Mutants with Altered Insulin Signaling and Fat Metabolism357
  • 5.7.1.2. Human Hereditary Variations in Metabolic Genes365
  • 5.7.1.3. Size and Longevity368
  • 5.7.1.4. The Insulin-Sensitivity Paradox369
  • 5.7.2. Inflammation369
  • 5.7.3. Lipoproteins and Cholesterol Metabolism371
  • 5.7.4. ApoE4 Interactions with Diet, Cognition, and Vascular Aging377
  • 5.7.5. ApoE Alleles, Infection, and Reproduction382
  • 5.8. Summary384
  • Chapter 6: The Human Life Span: Present, Past, and Future387
  • 6.1. Introduction387
  • 6.2. From Great Ape to Human390
  • 6.2.1. Human Life History Evolution390
  • 6.2.2. Chimpanzee Aging397
  • 6.2.3. The Evolution of Meat-Eating399
  • 6.2.4. Meat Adaptive Genes405
  • 6.2.5. The Increase in Life Expectancy416
  • 6.3. Four Major Shifts in Human Life History from Genetic and Cultural Evolution418
  • 6.4. The Instability of Life Spans420
  • 6.4.1. Infections420
  • 6.4.2. Air Quality423
  • 6.4.3. Obesity and Diabetes424
  • 6.4.4. Prospects426
  • 6.5. Summary of Chapters 1–6: Mechanisms in Aging and Life History Evolution427
  • References431
  • Name Index615
  • Subject Index628
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780123736574
  • ISBN-13 9780080545943
  • Author Finch, Caleb E.
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Physiology

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Written by Caleb Finch, one of the leading scientists of our time, The Biology of Human Longevity - Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans synthesizes several decades of top research on the topic of human aging and longevity particularly on the recent theories of inflammation and its effects on human health. The book expands a number of existing major theories, including the Barker theory of fetal origins of adult disease to consider the role of inflammation and Harmon's free radical theory of aging to include inflammatory damage. Future increases in lifespan are challenged by the obesity epidemic and spreading global infections which may reverse the gains made in lowering inflammatory exposure. This timely and topical book will be of interest to anyone studying aging from any scientific angle.

* Author Caleb Finch is a highly influential and respected scientist, ranked in the top half of the 1% most cited scientists
* Provides a novel synthesis of existing ideas about the biology of longevity and aging
* Incorporates important research findings from several disciplines, including Gerontology, Genomics, Neuroscience, Immunology, Nutrition