Elsevier S & T

The Concise Encyclopedia of the Ethics of New Technologies

Chadwick, Ruth

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Table of contents

Contentsv
Contributorsxv
A Guide to the Encyclopediaxvii
Prefacexix
Chapter 1. Bioethics, Overview1
I. HISTORICAL NOTES ON BIOETHICS2
II. SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES IN BIOETHICS4
III. DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO BIOETHICS6
IV. FOUNDATIONAL ETHICAL ASSUMPTIONS IN BIOETHICS„PHILOSOPHICAL/ETHICAL SCHOOLS OF BIOETHI8
V. CONCLUSIONS11
Chapter 2. Biotechnology13
I. THE HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY13
II. TECHNIQUES IN MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY14
III. ETHICAL ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST BIOTECHNOLOGY16
IV. CASE STUDIES18
Chapter 3. Birth-Control Technology27
I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW28
II. APPROACHES TO BIRTH CONTROL AND MORAL DISTINCTIONS28
III. CONTEMPORARY METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL29
IV. FUTURE METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL38
V. CONCLUSION41
Chapter 4. Brain Death43
I. THE HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE HARVARD COMMITTEE PROPOSAL44
II. WHY WAS THE HARVARD PROPOSAL SO SUCCESSFUL?44
III. THE DEFENSE OF THE TRADITIONAL DEFINITION OF DEATH45
IV. THE MEDICAL INCONSISTENCIES OF THE ‘‘WHOLE BRAIN DEATH’’ DEFINITION46
V. THE MOVE TOWARD A NEOCORTICAL DEFINITION AND ITS PROBLEMS46
VI. BACK TO THE ‘‘TRADITIONAL’’ DEFINITION?47
VII. BRAIN DEATH AND BRAIN LIFE48
VIII. A PARADIGM OF BIOETHICS49
Chapter 5. Cloning51
I. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND51
II. SUGGESTED USES OF CLONING52
III. MORAL AND RELIGIOUS ISSUES55
IV. POLICY DEVELOPMENTS62
V. CONCLUSION63
Chapter 6. Computer and Information Ethics65
I. THE UNIQUENESS OF COMPUTERS66
II. PRIVACY AND MONITORING66
III. INFORMATION PROVISION67
IV. SOFTWARE AS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY68
V. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND THE LOCATION OF WORK69
VI. COMPUTER MISUSE70
VII. DEVELOPING INFORMATION SYSTEMS70
VIII. COMPUTER PROFESSIONALISM71
Chapter 7. Consequentialism and Deontology73
I. CONSEQUENTIALISM74
II. DEONTOLOGY79
Chapter 8. Embryology, Ethics of87
I. A SHORT OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO87
II. EMBRYOLOGY AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION88
III. WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN EMBRYOLOGY AND APPLIED ETHICS?89
Chapter 9 . Environmental Impact Assessment95
I. INTRODUCTION96
II. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS96
III. WAYS OF LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT96
IV. THE NATURE CONTRACT97
V. ECOSOCIAL MORALITY IN THE COMMUNITY98
VI. GLOBALIZATION AND ECOSOCIAL SOLIDARITY98
VII. POLICY OF SMALL ACTION98
VIII. LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL EFFICIENCY99
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AS RATIONAL ACTION99
X. MODEL OF SOCIAL ACTION100
XI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT100
XII. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT101
XIII. CONCLUSION102
Chapter 10. Feminist Ethics105
I. FEMININE APPROACHES TO ETHICS106
II. MATERNAL APPROACHES TO ETHICS106
III. POLITICAL APPROACHES TO ETHICS107
IV. LESBIAN APPROACHES TO ETHICS108
V. APPLICATIONS OF FEMINIST ETHICS108
VI. CONCLUSION111
Chapter 11. Fetal Research113
I. TYPES OF FETAL RESEARCH113
II. STATUS OF THE FETUS115
III. THE POLITICS OF FETAL RESEARCH116
IV. THE CONTROVERSY OVER FETAL TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION117
V. FETAL RESEARCH AND ABORTION121
VI. CONCLUSION121
Chapter 12. Gene Therapy123
I. INTRODUCTION123
II. DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS124
III. PRAGMATIC CONCERNS125
IV. ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF GENE THERAPY126
V. ARGUMENTS AGAINST GENE THERAPY127
VI. CONCLUSIONS129
Chapter 13. Genetic Counseling131
I. THE SCOPE OF GENETIC COUNSELING132
II. GENETIC TESTING AND GENETIC SCREENING134
III. THE GOALS OF GENETIC COUNSELING140
IV. AUTONOMY, INFORMED CONSENT AND ‘‘NONDIRECTIVENESS’’141
V. CONFIDENTIALITY AND GENETIC PRIVACY„WITHIN THE FAMILY143
VI. CONFIDENTIALITY AND GENETIC PRIVACY„THIRD PARTIES143
VII. GENETIC TESTING OF CHILDREN144
VIII. CONCLUSION145
Chapter 14. Genetic Engineering147
I. THE CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING147
II. GENETIC ENGINEERING AND UNNATURALNESS150
III. DEONTOLOGICAL OBJECTIONS TO GENETIC ENGINEERING152
IV. GENETIC ENGINEERING AND RISK155
V. CONCLUSION156
Chapter 15. Geneticization157
I. INTRODUCTION157
II. MORAL ASSESSMENT AND TECHNOLOGY158
III. MEDICATION AND GENETICIZATION159
IV. A FLUID AND BROAD CONCEPT160
V. CRITIQUES161
VI. A DEFINITION161
VII. GENETICIZATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT162
Chapter 16. Genetic Research165
I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH IN GENETICS167
II. AN OVERVIEW OF THE GENETICS RESEARCH PROCESS169
III. ETHICAL ISSUES ENCOUNTERED DURING EACH RESEARCH PROCESS171
IV. CHALLENGES TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF OURSELVES AS HUMAN BEINGS AND SOCIETY180
Chapter 17. Genetics and Behavior183
I. INTRODUCTION184
II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND184
III. BEHAVIOR GENETICS TODAY186
IV. ETHICS AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR GENETICS190
Chapter 18. Genetic Screening193
I. INTRODUCTION: GENETIC SCREENING193
II. CRITERIA FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF GENETIC SCREENING194
III. IMPLEMENTATION AND QUALITY CONTROL195
IV. RIGHTS TO KNOW AND NOT TO KNOW195
V. INFORMATION: ACCESS AND CONTROL196
VI. EUGENICS AND STIGMATIZATION196
VII. CONCLUSION197
Chapter 19. Genetic Technology, Legal Regulation of199
I. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION200
II. NATIONAL REGULATION203
III. DISCUSSION209
Chapter 20. Genome Analysis213
I. INTRODUCTION213
II. TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS214
III. THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT214
IV. UNESCO DECLARATION OF THE PROTECTION OF THE HUMAN GENOME216
V. THE HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PROJECT216
VI. GENETICIZATION219
VII. CONCLUSION219
Chapter 21. Hazardous and Toxic Substances221
I. INTRODUCTION222
II. NIMBY AND EQUALITY ISSUES223
III. CONSENT ISSUES224
IV. LIABILITY ISSUES226
V. ETHICAL RULES FOR BEHAVIOR UNDER CERTAINTY226
VI. CONCLUSION227
Chapter 22. Health and Disease, Concepts of229
I. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND THEIR IMPACT229
II. ARTICULATING A FAMILTY OF CONCEPTS: CONSTRAINTS AND PROPOSALS230
III. THE ISSUE OF NORMATIVISM231
Chapter 23. Health Technology Assessment235
I. BACKGROUND235
II. ETHICS AND HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: THE ‘‘THIN’’ ACCOUNT236
III. ETHICS AND HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: THE ‘‘THICK’’ ACCOUNT240
IV. CONCLUSION244
Chapter 24. Human Nature, View of245
I. THE PHILOSOPHIC AND PRACTICAL PROBLEM245
II. CONTEMPORARY APPLIED ETHICS AND VIEWS OF HUMAN NATURE248
III. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE: FUTURE TASKS252
Chapter 25. Human Research Subjects, Selection of255
I. SCIENTIFIC ISSUES255
II. ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES261
Chapter 26. Intrinsic and Instrumental Value267
I. WHAT IS AT ISSUE WITH ‘‘INTRINSIC VALUE VERSUS INSTRUMENTAL VALUE’’?268
II. WHAT IS TO BE VALUED FOR ITSELF? (NORMATIVE ETHICS)269
III. GROUNDS OR LIMITS FOR WHAT IS VALUED FOR ITSELF (META-ETHICS)272
IV. ARE VALUES BEING INSTRUMENTALIZED? (THE CRITIQUE OF INSTRUMENTAL REASON)274
Chapter 27. Life, Concept of277
I. INTRODUCTORY GENERAL DISTINCTION277
II. EMPIRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE278
III. PROBLEMS OF A PLAUSIBLE DEFINITION OF ‘‘LIFE’’279
IV. ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF LIFE: VITALISM VERSUS MECHANISM280
V. A THIRD THEORY OF LIFE: ORGANICISM282
VI. BASIC THEORETICAL PROPERTIES OF LIFE282
VII. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS283
Chapter 28. Medical Futility287
I. THE MEANING OF MEDICAL FUTILITY288
II. PROPOSALS FOR RESOLVING DISPUTES OVER MEDICAL FUTILITY289
III. UNDERLYING MORAL DEBATES ABOUT PEOPLE’S QUALITY OF LIFE, SUFFERING, AND THE BEST-INTERESTS ST293
IV. CONCLUSION297
Chapter 29. Novel Foods299
I. INTRODUCTION300
II. TYPES OF NOVEL FOOD300
III. REGULATION OF NOVEL FOODS302
IV. ETHICAL CONCERNS303
V. GM CROPS: ETHICAL ISSUES305
VI. GM ANIMAL FOODS: SPECIFIC ETHICAL ISSUES310
VII. FUNCTIONAL FOODS: ETHICAL ISSUES311
VIII. STEPS TO THE RESOLUTION OF ETHICAL DEBATES311
IX. CONCLUSIONS312
Chapter 30. Nuclear Power315
I. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR POWER316
II. TWO ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR EVALUATING NUCLEAR POWER317
III. NUCLEAR POWER AND THE NATURALISTIC FALLACY318
IV. NUCLEAR POWER AND UNCERTAINTY318
V. EQUITY AND NUCLEAR RISKS319
VI. CONSENT AND NUCLEAR RISKS320
VII. NUCLEAR POWER AND DUE PROCESS321
VIII. CONCLUSIONS322
Chapter 31. Nuclear Testing323
I. IS THE USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS PERMISSIBLE?324
II. IS NUCLEAR TESTING DANGEROUS?325
Chapter 32. Organ Transplants and Xenotransplantation327
I. INTRODUCTION327
II. LIVE HUMAN DONORS328
III. CADAVER DONORS329
IV. ORGAN TRANSPLANTS AND PERSONAL IDENTITY330
V. XENOTRANSPLANTATION331
VI. SUMMARY332
Chapter 33. Playing God335
I. SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS APPLICATIONS336
II. THE MORAL PRESUPPOSITION336
III. APPLICATIONS IN BIOETHICS337
IV. APPLICATIONS IN GENETICS337
V. CONCLUSION339
Chapter 34. Precautionary Principle341
I. LEGAL FORMULATIONS: STRONG AND WEAK342
II. WIDER USES OF THE PP: ‘‘WAKING UP IN THE EXPERIMENT’’342
III. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND THE PP343
IV. PRECAUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE344
V. IS THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE A SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE?344
VI. THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND THE STATUS QUO347
VII. CONCLUSION348
Chapter 35. Reproductive Technologies351
I. THE ARGUMENTS FOR ART352
II. THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST ART354
III. PARTICULAR ETHICAL PROBLEMS357
IV. CONCLUSION362
Chapter 36. Science and Engineering Ethics, Overview363
I. A REVIEW OF THE PREDISPOSING SALIENT EVENTS364
II. TOWARD A DEFINITION OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS367
III. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE377
IV. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES378
V. CONCLUSION380
Chapter 37. Slippery Slope Arguments383
I. INTRODUCTION384
II. DEFINITION384
III. TYPES OF SLIPPERY SLOPE ARGUMENTS386
IV. CONTEXTS OF APPLICATION388
V. EVALUATING VALIDITY AND PLAUSIBILITY389
VI. THE RHETORICAL DIMENSION: PRACTICAL DEBATES392
VII. THE SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS: PERCEIVING REALITY393
VIII. A CASE STUDY: EUTHANASIA IN THE NETHERLANDS394
IX. CONCLUSION395
INDEX397

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780121663551
ISBN-13 9780080545196
Author Chadwick, Ruth
Category Technology & Engineering
Subject Social Aspects

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The ethical assessment of new technologies raises two principal concerns: the need to develop effective policies and legislation, and the reconsideration of the ethical frameworks in which these policies and laws are developed. The importance of rapid, accurate examinations of tensions between Philosophy and Law and the relationship between philosophical principles and empirical data has never been greater.
The Concise Encyclopedia of Ethics of New Technologies includes 23 articles previously published in the highly-acclaimed Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, nine updated articles, and five new articles, commissioned especially for this volume. Over half of the previously published articles include updated facts and bibliographic citations. Authors of genetics articles have updated their works to include the most recent developments and publications. New articles include: "Cloning," "Geneticization," "Health Technology Assessment," "Intrinsic and Instrumental Value," and "Novel Foods."

Articles fall into these subject categories:
* Medical Ethics
* Scientific Ethics
* Theories of Ethics
* Environmental Ethics
* Legal Ethics
* Ethical Concepts

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