The Flaviviruses: Pathogenesis and Immunity: Pathogenesis and Immunity
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Chapter 1. Molecular Determinants of Virulence: The Structural and Functional Basis for Flavivirus A1
- I. Introduction.1
- II. Morphology and Genome Structure.2
- III. Molecular Determinants of Virulence3
- IV. Conclusion30
- References32
- Chapter 2. Genetic Resistance to Flaviviruses43
- I. Introduction44
- II. Initial Discoveries of Genetic Resistance to Flaviviruses in Mice45
- III. Flavivirus Genetic Resistance in Wild Mice48
- IV. Development of Congenic Flavivirus-Resistant and -Susceptible Mouse Strains50
- V. Virus Specificity of the Flvr Phenotype in Mice51
- VI. Characteristics of the Flvr Phenotype52
- VII. Other Characteristics of Resistant C3H.PRI-Flvr Mice64
- VIII. Mapping the Flv Gene to Chromosome 567
- IX. Analysis of Other Known Genes that Map Close to the Flv Locus on Chromosome 568
- X. Positional Cloning of the Flv Gene69
- XI. Identification of the Flv Gene as Oas1b72
- XII. Possible Mechanism of Action of the Resistant Allele of the Oas1b Gene73
- XIII. Conclusions75
- References79
- Chapter 3. Immunobiology of Mosquito-Borne Encephalitic Flaviviruses87
- I. Introduction87
- II. Innate Immune Responses92
- III. Adaptive Immune Response95
- IV. Virus-Host Interplay in Immunity and Pathogenesis105
- References109
- Chapter 4. Immune Modulation by Flaviviruses121
- I. Introduction122
- II. Strategies for Virus Survival in the Immune-Competent Host123
- III. Flavivirus Upregulates Cell Surface Recognition Molecules127
- IV. Mechanisms of Upregulation133
- V. Models of WNV Disease Pathogenesis136
- VI. The Paradox of Cell Surface Moldecule Upregulation, Immunopathology, and Virus Survival143
- VII. Flavivirus Modulation of Adaptive Immune Responses: A Hypothesis145
- VIII. Maternal Tolerance: A Model of Embryonic Implantation147
- IX. Conclusions148
- References149
- Chapter 5. Mechanisms of DengueVirus-Induced Cell Death157
- I. Introduction158
- II. Apoptosis and Necrosis159
- III. Molecular Machinery of Apoptosis161
- IV. Virus-Induced Apoptosis170
- V. Apoptotic Cell Death in Response to Dengue Virus Infection171
- VI. Concluding Remarks179
- References181
- Chapter 6. Dynamics Flavivirus Infection in Mosquitoes187
- I. Mosquito Vectors Associated with Flaviviruses188
- II. Flavivirus Infection of and Replication in the Mosquito Vector191
- III. Vectorial Capacity193
- IV. Impact of Reproductive Biology on Dynamics of Flavivirus Transmission200
- V. Role of the Vector in Perpetuation of Virus over Adverse Seasons and Years204
- VI. Genetics of Infection207
- VII. Vector Control213
- VIII. Future Directions216
- References.216
- Chapter 7. Dynamics of Infection in Tick Vectors and at the Tick-Host Interface233
- I. Introduction to Ticks234
- II. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses236
- III. Anatomy and Dynamics of Infection in Ticks236
- IV. Nonviremic Transmission245
- V. Population Biology of Tick-Borne Flaviviruses249
- VI. Tick-Borne Transmission on Immune Hosts251
- VII. Role of Skin in Tick-Borne Transmission253
- VIII. Saliva-Activated Transmission257
- IX. Host Modulation by Tick Saliva259
- X. The ‘‘Red Herring’’ Hypothesis265
- References266
- Chapter 8. Pathogenesis of Flavivirus Encephalitis273
- I. Introduction273
- II. Host Factors274
- III. Arthropod Factors Affecting Pathogenesis277
- IV. Extraneural Infection278
- V. Cellular Receptors for Flaviviruses279
- VI. Cellular Tropism of Encephalitic Flaviviruses281
- VII. Immune Responses to Flaviviruses and Their Roles in Pathogenesis283
- VIII. Neuroinvasion294
- IX. Neuropathology296
- X. The Central Nervous System Immune Response303
- XI. Neuropathogenesis: West Nile Virus as a Model308
- XII. Virus Persistence312
- References316
- Chapter 9. Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Yellow Fever343
- I. Introduction343
- II. Disease Syndrome344
- III. Virus-Specific Virulence Factors347
- IV. Virus–Cell Interactions357
- V. Infection of Organized Tissues361
- VI. Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology in the Intact Host364
- VII. Responses to Live Yellow Fever (YF) 17D Vaccine in Humans380
- VIII. Summary384
- References384
- Chapter 10. Immunology and Immunopathogenesis of Dengue Disease397
- I. Introduction398
- II. Characteristics of Dengue Viruses398
- III. Sequential Infections with Dengue Viruses398
- IV. Clinical/Epidemiological Observations399
- V. Cellular Immunology of Dengue Viruses400
- VI. Immunopathogenesis of DHF406
- VII. Needs for Future Research414
- References414
- Chapter 11. Neutralization and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of DengueViruses421
- I. Introduction422
- II. Neutralization(NT) and Protection by Antibodies422
- III. Studies in Monkeys: Definition of the ‘‘Protected’’ Antibody Response425
- IV. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence of Immunologically Enhance429
- V. Viral Factors443
- VI. ADE in Vivo446
- VII. ADE in Vitro449
- VIII. Discussion459
- References.460
- Index469
- Color Plate SectionColor Plate-1
Over 50% of known flaviviruses have been associated with human disease. The Flavivirus genus constitutes some of the most serious human pathogens including Japanese encephalitis, dengue and yellow fever. Flaviviruses are known for their complex life cycles and epidemic spread, and are considered a globally-emergent viral threat.
Pathogenesis and Immunity, the second volume of The Flaviviruses, examines the processes by which the flaviviruses cause disease, the different cytopathic effects and the associated immunopathological responses produced in their hosts.
* Comprehensive approach to the scientific disciplines needed to unravle the complexities of virus-host interactions.
* New, detailed information on the pathogenesis and immunology of the Flavivirus family.
* Descibes the technologies that have contributed to our current knowledge about the Flaviviruses.
* Identifies the major problems faced in attempting to further understand the virus-host interactions that result in disease.
* An exhaustive compendium of current and past knowledge on the Flavivirus family
Pathogenesis and Immunity, the second volume of The Flaviviruses, examines the processes by which the flaviviruses cause disease, the different cytopathic effects and the associated immunopathological responses produced in their hosts.
* Comprehensive approach to the scientific disciplines needed to unravle the complexities of virus-host interactions.
* New, detailed information on the pathogenesis and immunology of the Flavivirus family.
* Descibes the technologies that have contributed to our current knowledge about the Flaviviruses.
* Identifies the major problems faced in attempting to further understand the virus-host interactions that result in disease.
* An exhaustive compendium of current and past knowledge on the Flavivirus family