The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Prefacev
- Advisory Boardvii
- Contentsix
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- 1.1 An example from Dutch history1
- 1.2 Definitions, topics, aim2
- 1.3 Historiography3
- 1.4 Limitations4
- 1.5 Intellectual ownership5
- 1.6 Identity management8
- 1.7 Cryptology and communication security11
- 1.8 Computer security17
- 1.9 Privacy and export regulations21
- 1.10 Information warfare23
- 1.11 Concluding remarks24
- References24
- Part 1. Intellectual Ownership27
- Chapter 2. Limitations on the publishing of scientific research29
- 2.1 Introduction29
- 2.2 Authors and publishing32
- 2.3 Editorial activities35
- 2.4 Other forms of publication40
- 2.5 Grey literature and restrictions on availability46
- 2.6 Conclusion49
- References50
- Chapter 3. Industrialists, Inventors and the German Patent System, 1877-1957: A Comparative Perspect53
- 3.1 The case for patents: Origins and theories54
- 3.2 Inventor rights in the United States and Germany55
- 3.3 Werner Siemens and the peculiarities of the German patent code59
- 3.4 Technological culture and the inventor's reward65
- 3.5 The inventor debate in Germany and national socialist inventor policy70
- References77
- Chapter 4. Reflecting media: A cultural history of copyright and the media83
- 4.1 Introduction84
- 4.2 Text85
- 4.3 Visual96
- 4.4 Audio100
- 4.5 Audio-visual105
- 4.6 Multimedia111
- 4.7 Conclusions114
- References116
- Chapter 5. The History of Copyright Protection of Computer Software The Emancipation of a Work of Te121
- 5.1 Introduction122
- 5.2 Framework: technological evolution122
- 5.3 The United States of America123
- 5.4 Germany127
- 5.5 The Netherlands130
- 5.6 Developments in the international arena133
- 5.7 Summary and conclusions136
- References138
- Chapter 6. A History of Software Patents141
- 6.1 Introduction141
- 6.2 Patent law primer142
- 6.3 A pre-history of software patents147
- 6.4 Early software patents150
- 6.5 Recent software patents157
- 6.6 The present160
- 6.7 Conclusions161
- Acknowledgement163
- References163
- Part 2. Identity-Management165
- Chapter 7. Semiotics of identity management167
- 7.1 Identifying assumptions168
- 7.2 Identity in enneadic dynamics174
- 7.3 Social practices in identity management185
- References193
- Chapter 8. History of document security197
- 8.1 Introduction198
- 8.2 The first period until 1800, block printing, the invention of typography and the genes of paper200
- 8.3 From 1800 until 1940, security printing matures204
- 8.4 The evolutionary years from 1940-1980. Classifying counterfeiters and the arrival of matured sec209
- 8.5 From 1980 until the beginning of the 21st century. The influence of the digital revolution215
- 8.6 The history of substrate-based security features224
- 8.7 The history of security features added to the substrate231
- 8.8 A few comments on the role of printing ink within the history of document security235
- 8.9 Retrospection237
- 8.10 Epilogue240
- References240
- Chapter 9. From Frankpledge to Chip and Pin: Identification and Identity in England, 1475-2005243
- 9.1 Introduction244
- 9.2 Identifying the Great and the Good, and the Insignificant and the Bad, in early-modern England245
- 9.3 Creating the modern citizen and anti-citizen, 1830-1920249
- 9.4 Twentieth-century identification in total war, total welfare and total shopping255
- 9.5 Conclusion259
- References260
- Chapter 10. The scientific development of biometricsover the last 40 years263
- 10.1 Introduction263
- 10.2 The technology pioneers of the 1960s264
- 10.3 Automatic personal identification of the 1970s266
- 10.4 `Biometrics' of the 1980s268
- 10.5 Organized activities of the 1990s269
- 10.6 The 21st century271
- 10.7 Conclusions271
- Acknowledgements272
- References272
- Part 3. Communication Security275
- Chapter 11. The Rise of Cryptology in the European Renaissance277
- 11.1 The Ancestry277
- 11.2 Early inventions - 14th and 15th centuries280
- 11.3 The 17th century297
- 11.4 European cryptology in the Renaissance - Conclusion and outlook321
- Acknowledgements322
- References322
- Chapter 12. Cryptology in the Dutch Republic: A Case-Study327
- 12.1 Introduction327
- 12.2 The case of the Dutch Republic: general background332
- 12.3 The war with Spain333
- 12.4 The introduction of code-books for regular use by the States-General338
- 12.5 Lyonet's contribution345
- 12.6 The rise of the patriot movement352
- 12.7 The use of ciphers during the latter part of the 18th century355
- 12.8 Conclusion360
- References363
- Chapter 13. Intelligence and the emergence of the information society in eighteenth-century Britain369
- 13.1 Introduction369
- 13.2 Postal interception370
- 13.3 News management375
- 13.4 News and analysis377
- 13.5 Changing information needs378
- References378
- Chapter 14. Rotor machines and bombes381
- 14.1 The origin of the rotor idea382
- 14.2 The Scherbius line of commercial rotor machines390
- 14.3 Rotor machines for the German armed forces396
- 14.4 Polish Cryptanalysis of the Wehrmacht ENIGMA413
- 14.5 British and US cryptanalysis of the Wehrmacht ENIGMA422
- 14.6 Conclusions445
- References445
- Chapter 15. Tunny and Colossus: Breaking the Lorenz Schlüsselzusatz traffic447
- 15.1 Introduction447
- 15.2 The Tunny machine448
- 15.3 A sample decrypt451
- 15.4 Central figures in the attack on Tunny454
- 15.5 Breaking the Tunny machine455
- 15.6 Turingery456
- 15.7 Tutte's statistical method458
- 15.8 Heath Robinson461
- 15.9 Flowers, the neglected pioneer of computing462
- 15.10 Colossus465
- 15.11 Misconceptions about Colossus468
- 15.12 Postwar469
- 15.13 Colossus and the modern computer471
- References474
- Appendix 1. The teleprinter alphabet475
- Appendix 2. The Tunny encipherment equation and Tutte's 1 + 2 break in476
- Chapter 16. Boris Hagelin and Crypto AG: Pioneers of Encryption479
- 16.1 Via the Nobel family to A.B. Cryptograph479
- 16.2 Hagelin's life's work begins ƒ480
- 16.3 The crucial journey484
- 16.4 The long stay in America485
- 16.5 The new start in Switzerland487
- 16.6 The advent of new technology at crypto AG494
- References496
- Chapter 17. Eavesdroppers of the Kremlin: KGB SIGINT during the cold war497
- 17.1 Introduction497
- 17.2 The genesis of KGB SIGINT498
- 17.3 World War II and the rebirth of Soviet SIGINT502
- 17.4 Soviet comint reorganizes in post-World War II era503
- 17.5 The MGB radio counterintelligence service505
- 17.6 The failed Soviet experiment with cryptologic unification505
- 17.7 The KGB and GRU go their own separate ways507
- 17.8 Radio counterintelligence in the 1950s510
- 17.9 Soviet SIGINT in the 1960s510
- 17.10 Soviet SIGINT during the 1970s512
- 17.11 Soviet SIGINT during the 1980s517
- 17.12 The strengths and weaknesses of Soviet SIGINT518
- References520
- Chapter 18. National Security Agency: The Historiography of Concealment523
- 18.1 Introduction524
- 18.2 NSA's institutional lineage525
- 18.3 NSA's genesis in context530
- 18.4 1952-1960: attaining an institutional identity531
- 18.5 1961-1973: acceleration and continuity536
- 18.6 1974-1990: from Watergate to INFOSEC542
- 18.7 1991-2001: breakdown547
- 18.8 2001 and after: reorganizing uncertainty550
- 18.9 Epilogue: the intrigue of limitations553
- References554
- Chapter 19. An Introduction to Modern Cryptology565
- 19.1 Introduction565
- 19.2 Encryption for secrecy protection567
- 19.3 Hashing and signatures for authentication578
- 19.4 Analysis and design of cryptographic algorithms583
- 19.5 Concluding remarks589
- References590
- Part4. Computer Security593
- Chapter 20. A history of computer security standards595
- 20.1 Setting technical standards: A brief overview596
- 20.2 Digital beginnings, physical security and electronic radiation597
- 20.3 The early leadership of Willis Ware in computer security research600
- 20.4 Continuing challenges with computer security at the DoD603
- 20.5 James P. Anderson and the air force's focus on computer security604
- 20.6 Bell and LaPadula: modeling of computer security and the foundation for standards605
- 20.7 Moving toward a computer security organizational infrastructure605
- 20.8 The Orange Book (TCSEC)606
- 20.9 Common criteria and the globalization of computer system security standards608
- 20.10 The origin and early developments of cryptographic research in the academic community610
- 20.11 Early attention to and investing in computer security systems development in the private secto612
- 20.12 Cryptographic research and the early digital computer industry612
- 20.13 RSA Data Security: pioneering a security software industry613
- 20.14 Computer security and society616
- 20.15 Conclusion619
- References620
- Chapter 21. Security models623
- 21.1 Introduction623
- 21.2 Policy models624
- 21.3 Security models and the theory of access control631
- 21.4 Current work634
- References634
- Chapter 22. Computer security through correctness and transparency637
- 22.1 Introduction and problem statement638
- 22.2 Computer security639
- 22.3 Program correctness643
- 22.4 Programming transparency647
- 22.5 Conclusion650
- Acknowledgements651
- References651
- Chapter 23. IT Security and IT Auditing between 1960 and 2000655
- 23.1 Introduction656
- 23.2 The electronic data processing period (the sixties)658
- 23.3 Automation period (the seventies)663
- 23.4 Integration and diversification period (the eighties)669
- 23.5 Contagion period (the nineties)675
- 23.6 Conclusions679
- References680
- Chapter 24. A History of Internet Security681
- 24.1 Prologue681
- 24.2 Closed world origins682
- 24.3 Black thursday683
- 24.4 Into the public consciousness684
- 24.5 The birth of CERT685
- 24.6 The commercialization of security686
- 24.7 Encryption as munitions688
- 24.8 The era of cyberterrorism690
- 24.9 Ongoing public plagues: worms and viruses692
- 24.10 DDoS wars694
- 24.11 Growth of wireless Internet access697
- 24.12 Spyware infestation699
- 24.13 Securing the Internet: is it possible?701
- References702
- Chapter 25. History of computer crime705
- 25.1 What is cybercrime?705
- 25.2 Emergence of cybercrime (1960s-1990)706
- 25.3 Cybercrime increases in incidence and complexity (1990-2004)708
- 25.4 Cybercrime: the reaction714
- 25.5 Dealing with cybercrime: past efforts714
- 25.6 Dealing with cybercrime: future efforts?717
- 25.7 Cybercrime: the future718
- References719
- Part 5. Privacy- and Export Regulations723
- Chapter 26. The export of cryptography in the 20th and the 21st Centuries725
- 26.1 Introduction725
- 26.2 Background726
- 26.3 Export control726
- 26.4 Export status of cryptography728
- 26.5 The impact of export control on cryptography729
- 26.6 Events after the cold war729
- 26.7 America's international strategy732
- 26.8 The rules change732
- 26.9 European decontrol733
- 26.10 Why did it happen?733
- 26.11 The aftermath of September 11th735
- 26.12 Conclusion735
- 26.13 Recommendations735
- References736
- Chapter 27. History of privacy737
- 27.1 Introduction738
- 27.2 Privacy739
- 27.3 Privacy under attack742
- 27.4 The protection of privacy750
- 27.5 Analysis758
- 27.6 Conclusions766
- References767
- Chapter 28. Munitions, wiretaps and MP3s: The changing interface between privacy and encryption poli771
- Acronyms771
- 28.1 Introduction773
- 28.2 Corking the Genie: restricting non-governmental encryption research, development and use776
- 28.3 Now the Genie's out - governments' first wish: limited civilian cryptography and export control780
- 28.4 Now the Genie's out - governments' second wish: cryptographic key escrow/key recovery794
- 28.5 Now the Genie's out - governments' third wish: mandatory key surrender and encryption avoidance797
- 28.6 Rebottling the Genie: commercial attacks on encryption research, public use and personal privac804
- 28.7 Conclusions809
- References810
- Part 6. Information Warfare819
- Chapter 29. The Information Revolution and the transformation of warfare821
- 29.1 Introduction821
- 29.2 Cyberspace821
- 29.3 Critical infrastructure protection823
- 29.4 Information operations826
- 29.5 Struggle for global influence829
- 29.6 Conclusion830
- References831
- Biographies833
- Author Index841
- Subject Index861
Information Security is usually achieved through a mix of technical, organizational and legal measures. These may include the application of cryptography, the hierarchical modeling of organizations in order to assure confidentiality, or the distribution of accountability and responsibility by law, among interested parties.
The history of Information Security reaches back to ancient times and starts with the emergence of bureaucracy in administration and warfare. Some aspects, such as the interception of encrypted messages during World War II, have attracted huge attention, whereas other aspects have remained largely uncovered.
There has never been any effort to write a comprehensive history. This is most unfortunate, because Information Security should be perceived as a set of communicating vessels, where technical innovations can make existing legal or organisational frame-works obsolete and a breakdown of political authority may cause an exclusive reliance on technical means.
This book is intended as a first field-survey. It consists of twenty-eight contributions, written by experts in such diverse fields as computer science, law, or history and political science, dealing with episodes, organisations and technical developments that may considered to be exemplary or have played a key role in the development of this field.
These include: the emergence of cryptology as a discipline during the Renaissance, the Black Chambers in 18th century Europe, the breaking of German military codes during World War II, the histories of the NSA and its Soviet counterparts and contemporary cryptology. Other subjects are: computer security standards, viruses and worms on the Internet, computer transparency and free software, computer crime, export regulations for encryption software and the privacy debate.
- Interdisciplinary coverage of the history Information Security
- Written by top experts in law, history, computer and information science
- First comprehensive work in Information Security
The history of Information Security reaches back to ancient times and starts with the emergence of bureaucracy in administration and warfare. Some aspects, such as the interception of encrypted messages during World War II, have attracted huge attention, whereas other aspects have remained largely uncovered.
There has never been any effort to write a comprehensive history. This is most unfortunate, because Information Security should be perceived as a set of communicating vessels, where technical innovations can make existing legal or organisational frame-works obsolete and a breakdown of political authority may cause an exclusive reliance on technical means.
This book is intended as a first field-survey. It consists of twenty-eight contributions, written by experts in such diverse fields as computer science, law, or history and political science, dealing with episodes, organisations and technical developments that may considered to be exemplary or have played a key role in the development of this field.
These include: the emergence of cryptology as a discipline during the Renaissance, the Black Chambers in 18th century Europe, the breaking of German military codes during World War II, the histories of the NSA and its Soviet counterparts and contemporary cryptology. Other subjects are: computer security standards, viruses and worms on the Internet, computer transparency and free software, computer crime, export regulations for encryption software and the privacy debate.
- Interdisciplinary coverage of the history Information Security
- Written by top experts in law, history, computer and information science
- First comprehensive work in Information Security