The Human Nervous System
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Contributorsxiii
- Prefacexvii
- SECTION 1: EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT1
- Chapter 1. Brain Evolution3
- Historical Pattern of Vertebrate Brain Evolution4
- Developmental Mechanisms Underlying Brain Evolution9
- Evolution of Uniquely Human Brains13
- Conclusions16
- References16
- Chapter 2. Embryonic Development of the Central Nervous System22
- Developmental Stages and Ages23
- Areas with Special Inductive Influence23
- Neurulation24
- Neurocytogenesis26
- Development of the Neural Plate and Groove28
- The Brain from 4 to 6 Postfertilizational Weeks29
- Some Individual Regions of the Brain30
- Ventricles, Choroid Plexuses, and Circumventricular Organs43
- The Cerebral Arteries44
- Measurements44
- Summary45
- References46
- Chapter 3. Fetal Development of the Central Nervous System49
- Cerebral cortex49
- Deep Telencephalic Nuclei57
- Diencephalon69
- Midbrain76
- Cerebellum and Precerebellar Nuclei78
- Pons and Medulla81
- Spinal Cord84
- Acknowledgment86
- References86
- Chapter 4. Development of the Peripheral Nervous System95
- Cranial Nerves95
- Somatic Peripheral Nervous System102
- Automatic and Enteric Nervous System104
- References107
- SECTION II: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SPINAL CORD111
- Chapter 5. Peripheral Motor System113
- Composition of Muscle Nerves113
- Muscle Receptors115
- Features of Muscle122
- Muscle Units and Motor Units126
- Acknowledgment129
- References129
- Chapter 6. Peripheral Autonomic Pathways134
- General Organization of Autonomic Pathways134
- Cranial Autonomic Pathways138
- Sympathetic Pathways152
- Pelvic Autonomic Pathways162
- Enteric Plexuses167
- Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia170
- Concluding Remarks171
- Acknowledgments171
- References171
- Chapter 7. Spinal Cord: Cyto- and Chemoarchitecture190
- Cyto- and Dendroarchitecture190
- Chemoarchitecture209
- Myeloarchitecture224
- Acknowledgments227
- References228
- Chapter 8. Spinal Cord: Connections233
- Propriospinal Pathways233
- Afferent Pathways235
- Efferent Pathways243
- References247
- Chapter 9. Spinal Cord in Relation to the Peripheral Nervous System250
- The Spinal Cord-Spinal Nerve Root Junction251
- Developmental Aspects254
- Experimental Studies of the Transitional Region255
- Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexuses259
- References262
- SECTION III: BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM265
- Chapter 10. Organization of Human Brain Stem Nuclei267
- Autonomic Regulatory Centers273
- Reticular Formation301
- Tegmental Nuclei305
- Locus Coeruleus306
- Raphe Nuclei307
- Ventral Mesencephalic Tegmentum and Substantia Nigra307
- Cranial Motor Nuclei308
- Somatosensory System309
- Vestibular Nuclei312
- Auditory System312
- Visual System314
- Precerebellar Nuclei and Red Nucleus314
- Conclusion316
- References317
- Chapter 11. Cerebellum and Precerebellar Nuclei321
- External Form, Development, and Subdivision of the Human Cerebellum322
- Cerebellar Nuclei331
- Cerebellar Peduncles: Topography of Pathways from the Human Cerebellar Nuclei336
- Afferent Fiber Systems355
- The Vestibulocerebellum374
- Longitudinal Zonation of the Cerebellum375
- Acknowledgments382
- References382
- Chapter 12. Periaqueductal Gray393
- External Boundaries of the Periaqueductal Gray393
- Internal boundaries of the Periaqueductal Gray394
- Chemoarchitecture of the Primate Periaqueductal Gray400
- Connectivity of the Primate Periaqueductal Gray405
- Functional Aspects413
- Conclusion417
- References418
- Chapter 13. Raphe Nuclei424
- Divisions of the Raphe Nuclei425
- Connectivity430
- Functional Considerations436
- Acknowledgments440
- References440
- Chapter 14. Substantia Nigra and Locus Coeruleus449
- Substantia Nigra451
- Locus Coeruleus and Subcoeruleus458
- References461
- Chapter 15. Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Visceral, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Function464
- Principles of Functional Neuroanatomical Organization in the Brain Stem465
- Cadiovascular Function466
- Respiratory Function470
- Salivation, Swallowing, and Gastrointestinal Function, Nausea, and Vomiting473
- Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Vomiting475
- Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Hypothalamohypophyseal Secretion475
- Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Pelvic Viscera476
- References477
- Chapter 16. Reticular Formation: Eye Movements, Gaze, and Blinks479
- Eye and Head Movements480
- Eyelid and Blink497
- References503
- SECTION IV: DIENCEPHALON, BASAL GANGLIA AND AMYGDALA511
- Chapter 17. Hypothalamus513
- Cytoarchitecture of the Human Thalamus514
- Fiber Connections of the Hypothalamus524
- Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus530
- References542
- Chapter 18. Hypophysis551
- Anatomy of the Hypophysis551
- Imaging of the Hypophysis553
- Histology554
- Ultrastructure556
- References561
- Chapter 19. Circumventricular Organs562
- Subfornical Organ563
- Vascular Organ of the Lamina Terminalis569
- Median Eminence and Neurohypophysis573
- Pineal Gland577
- Subcommissural Organ580
- Area Postrema581
- Choroid Plexus585
- References586
- Chapter 20. Thalamus592
- General Considerations592
- Diencephalon595
- Thalamus599
- Isothalamus. Constitution, Architecture, and Function600
- Regio Superior604
- Regio Medialis608
- Regio Posterior611
- Regio Basalis614
- Regio Geniculata619
- Regio Lateralis620
- Subregio Lateralis Arcuata. Nucleus Ventralis Arcuatus. VArc623
- Subregio Caudalis. Lemniscal Territory624
- Subregio Lateralis Intermedia. Cerebellar Territory626
- Subregio Lateralis Oralis. Pallidal Territory630
- Subregio Lateralis Rostralis. Nigral Territory635
- Allothalamus. Involucrum647
- Regio Centralis651
- Thalamic Stereotaxy657
- References660
- Chapter 21. The Basal Ganglia676
- Topography, Cytoarchitecture, and Basic Circuitry677
- Functional Basal Ganglia Connections706
- Functional Considerations715
- Acknowledgments717
- References719
- Chapter 22. Amygdala739
- Terminology739
- Description741
- Acknowledgments857
- References860
- SECTION V: CORTEX869
- Chapter 23. Hippocampal Formation871
- Gross Anatomical Features872
- Cytoarchitectonic Organization of the Hippocampal Formation880
- Hippocampal Connectivity891
- Clinical Anatomy901
- Functional Considerations„The Emergence Of Neuroimaging903
- Acknowledgments906
- References906
- Chapter 24. Cingulate Gyrus915
- Surface Morphology916
- Regional Morphology: Four Fundamental Cingulate Subdivisions919
- Functional Correlations of the Four Cingulate Regions920
- Maps of Cingulate Areas923
- Cytology of Cingulate Areas924
- Comparison of the Brodmann Areas with Recent Modifications Thereof943
- Cortical Differentiation in Posterior Cingulate Gyrus943
- The Future for Cingulocentric Hypotheses and Research946
- Dedication and Acknowledgments947
- References947
- Chapter 25. The Frontal Cortex950
- Sulcal and Gyral Morphology of the Frontal Cortex951
- Architechtonic Organization955
- Corticocortical Connection Patterns963
- Acknowledgments970
- References971
- Chapter 26. Motor Cortex973
- Monkey Motor Cortex975
- Human Motor Cortex985
- Concluding Remarks992
- Acknowledgments992
- References992
- Chapter 27. Architecture of the Human Cerebral Cortex997
- Principal Subdivisions of the Cerebral Cortex997
- Quantitative Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex998
- Paleocortex1000
- Archicortex1003
- Isocortex1007
- Cortical Maps of the Human Brain: Past, Present, Future1038
- Acknowledgments1042
- References1042
- SECTION VI: SYSTEMS1057
- Chapter 28. Somatosensory System1059
- Receptor Types and Afferent Pathways1061
- Relay Nuclei to Medulla and Upper Spinal Cord1069
- Somatosensory Regions of the Midbrain1071
- Somatosensory Thalamus1071
- Anterior Parietal Cortex1074
- Posterior Parietal Cortex1080
- Somatosensory Cortex of the Medial Wall: The Supplementary Sensory Area and Cingulate Cortex1083
- Somatosensory Cortex of the Lateral (Sylvian) Sulcus1084
- Summary1085
- References1086
- Chapter 29. Trigeminal Sensory System1093
- Receptors and Their Innervation1094
- Trigeminal Nerves, Ganglion, and Root1098
- Brainstem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei1101
- Thalamic Sites for Trigeminal Somatic Sensations1109
- Cranial Somatosensory Cortex1113
- References1116
- Chapter 30. Pain System1125
- Nociceptors1125
- Pain Transmission Neurons and Pathways1137
- Descending Pain Modulatory Systems1147
- Brain Structures Involved in Pain Perception and Integration1150
- Summary and Conclusions1157
- References1158
- Chapter 31. Gustatory System1171
- Gustatory Apparatus and peripheral Innervation1171
- The Central Nervous System1173
- Further Gustatory Processing1189
- Summary1191
- Acknowledgments1191
- References1191
- Chapter 32. Olfaction1197
- Olfactory Mucosa1198
- Olfactory Bulb1200
- Primary Olfactory Cortex1201
- Olfactory Projections Beyond the Primary Olfactory Cortex1206
- References1209
- Chapter 33. Vestibular System1212
- Topography and Cytoarchitecture1213
- Connections1221
- Conclusion1233
- Acknowledgments1233
- References1233
- Chapter 34. Auditory System1241
- The Cochlea and Cochlear Nerve1242
- The Brain Stem Auditory System1251
- The Forebrain Auditory System1264
- The Descending Auditory System1271
- References1274
- Chapter 35. Visual System1280
- Central Visual Pathway1280
- Primary Visual Cortex1286
- Extrastriate Cortex1293
- Acknowledgments1301
- References1301
- Chapter 36. Emotional Motor System1306
- Basic Motor System1306
- Somatic Motor System1309
- Emotional Motor System1312
- Concluding Remarks1323
- References1324
- Chapter 37. Cerebral Vascular System1325
- Anatomy of Cerebral Blood Vessels1326
- Anatomy of Spinal Cord Blood Vessels1339
- Vascular Innervation1340
- Mapping Cerebral Function with Blood Flow1341
- Global Responses of the Cerebral Circulation1344
- References1345
- Index1349
This long-awaited update of the classic, The Human Nervous System, stands as an impressive survey of our knowledge of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The book has been completely redone and brought up-to-date. An impressive and respected cast of international authors have contributed 37 chapters on topics ranging from Brain Evolution, all phases of Brain Development, to all areas of the adult brain and peripheral pathways, along with careful descriptions of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system, brainstem and cerebellum. The Human Nervous System, Second Edition will again serve as the gold standard, providing a one-stop source of up-to-date information about our knowledge of the human nervous system.
This second edition of the standard reference on the human nervous system is extensively and completely revised and updated from the 1990 first edition. Written by the leading researchers, many chapters have been completely rewritten, new chapters have been added. A new section on Evolution and Development provides a broader perspective, and all chapters include references and perspectives to neurological disease.
This second edition of the standard reference on the human nervous system is extensively and completely revised and updated from the 1990 first edition. Written by the leading researchers, many chapters have been completely rewritten, new chapters have been added. A new section on Evolution and Development provides a broader perspective, and all chapters include references and perspectives to neurological disease.