Elsevier S & T

The Indian Ocean Nodule Field: Geology and Resource Potential

Mukhopadhyay, R.; Ghosh, A.K.; Iyer, S.D.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Contentsv
  • Prefacevii
  • Series Editor’s Forewordxi
  • About the Authorsxiii
  • Chapter 1: The Indian Ocean Nodule Field1
  • 1. Physiography and Geology5
  • 1.1. India-Australia plate boundary6
  • 1.2. Australia-Capricorn plate boundary8
  • 1.3. The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge11
  • 1.4. The Ninetyeast Ridge13
  • 1.5. The Carlsberg Ridge17
  • 1.6. The Central Indian Ridge22
  • 1.7. The Southeast Indian Ridge24
  • 2. Physics, Chemistry and Biology25
  • 2.1. Physical characteristics25
  • 2.2. Chemical characteristics27
  • 2.3. Biological characteristics28
  • 3. Evolution of the Indian Ocean Nodule Field31
  • 3.1. Break-Up of Gondwanaland32
  • 3.2. Formation of the Indian Ocean Ridge system35
  • Chapter 2: Tectonics and Geomorphology37
  • 1. Ridge-Normal Lineaments40
  • 1.1. The Vishnu Fracture Zone41
  • 1.2. The Indrani Fracture Zone43
  • 1.3. The Indira Fracture Zone44
  • 1.4. Trace of the triple junction44
  • 2. Ridge Parallel Lineations and Anomalies45
  • 2.1. Seafloor crenulations47
  • 2.2. Seafloor faults48
  • 2.3. Tectonic, thermal and geoidal anomalies49
  • 2.4. India-Eurasia collision event revisited52
  • 3. Seamounts54
  • 3.1. Spreading rate and seamount distribution56
  • 3.2. Structural lineaments and seamount abundance59
  • 3.3. Structural lineaments and seamount morphology60
  • 3.4. Seamount petrology61
  • 3.5. Growth conditions of seamounts63
  • Chapter 3: Volcanics67
  • 1. Major Volcanics69
  • 1.1. Tholeiitic basalts69
  • 1.2. Ferrobasalts72
  • 1.3. Spilites80
  • 1.4. Pumice82
  • 2. Minor Volcanics86
  • 2.1. Hydrothermal materials86
  • 3. Alteration of Volcanics103
  • 3.1. Alteration of basaltic glass103
  • 3.2. Zeolitites108
  • 4. Tectonics and Volcanics: Interrelations112
  • Chapter 4: Sediments115
  • 1. Distribution and Source117
  • 1.1. Distribution117
  • 1.2. Source124
  • 2. Sedimentary Processes135
  • 2.1. Dissolution of carbonate137
  • 2.2. Bottom water mass and sedimentation139
  • 2.3. Depositional environment146
  • 2.4. Diagenesis149
  • 2.5. Sediment consolidation151
  • Chapter 5: Ferromanganese Deposits155
  • 1. Nodule Characteristics157
  • 1.1. Distribution157
  • 1.2. Physical constitution159
  • 1.3. External morphology161
  • 1.4. Nodule nucleus163
  • 1.5. Mineralogy165
  • 1.6. Chemistry167
  • 1.7. Internal structure and growth174
  • 1.8. Age of IONF nodules176
  • 1.9. Buried nodules178
  • 1.10. Micronodules182
  • 2. Factors Influencing Nodule Formation184
  • 2.1. Topography and nodule distribution185
  • 2.2. Morphology and nodule chemistry188
  • 2.3. Acoustically transparent sediment layer189
  • 2.4. Role of secondary eruption192
  • 2.5. Sedimentation, bottom currents and environment193
  • 3. Dynamics of Nodule Formation194
  • 3.1. Source of elements194
  • 3.2. Nodule at the sediment-water interface: A paradox195
  • 3.3. Processes of nodule formation196
  • 3.4. Model of nodule formation202
  • 4. Ferromanganese Encrustation205
  • 4.1. Occurrence and characteristics205
  • 4.2. Crust and paleoceanography208
  • 5. The World Oceans Scenario211
  • 5.1. Ferromanganese resources from the world oceans214
  • 5.2. Inter-basin model for nodule growth220
  • Chapter 6: Resource Management225
  • 1. Resource Identification225
  • 1.1. Seafloor characterisation226
  • 1.2. Resource sampling228
  • 1.3. Assessment of resource potential230
  • 2. Mining Technology231
  • 3. Environmental Impact Assessment233
  • 3.1. Possible impacts233
  • 3.2. The EIA studies in world oceans234
  • 3.3. The EIA studies in the IONF235
  • 4. Metal Extraction and Processing249
  • 4.1. Hydrometallurgical treatment250
  • 4.2. Pyrometallurgical treatment250
  • 4.3. Efforts in the IONF252
  • 5. Law of the Sea254
  • 6. Global Perspectives255
  • 6.1. Equatorial North Pacific256
  • 6.2. Indian Ocean Nodule Field258
  • References261
  • Author Index283
  • Subject Index289
  • Colour Plate Section293
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444529596
  • ISBN-13 9780080557038
  • Author Mukhopadhyay, R.; Ghosh, A.K.; Iyer, S.D.
  • Category Science
  • Subject Environmental Science

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The book includes a synthesis of research findings on the structure and evolution of the Central Indian Ocean Basin and its ferromanganese deposits, in particular, on the exploration campaign since 1980s. A comprehensive mixture of recent studies along with classical theories starting from the 1960s is the hallmark of the book. Recent concepts and hypotheses, and also critical appreciation of the state-of-the-art knowledge on nodule formation and resource management are incorporated.

After limiting the geographical extension of the nodule field and describing its physiographic, geological, biological, physical and chemical characteristics in chapter 1, the various structural, tectonic and volcanic elements are described in chapters 2 and 3. The bottom sediment characteristics that floor the nodules and crusts are dealt with in chapter 4. The nodules and crusts are described in detail in chapter 5, and their process of formation in the light of variable source material, local and regional tectonic activities, and midplate secondary volcanisms are discussed. The mining, environment, metallurgy, legal and economic aspects of the nodule resources are discussed in chapter 6. This title fulfils the growing need to bring voluminous, but scattered information in the form of a book for easy dissemination to students and researchers.

* First dedicated book on the Indian Ocean manganese nodule resources
* Comprehensively discusses the dynamics of nodule formation in the Indian Ocean Nodule Field (IONF)
* Independently assesses the influence of tectonics and volcanism on the manganese nodule resource potential in local and regional scales