The Laboratory Mouse
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- List of Contributorsxiii
- Forewordxvii
- Prefacexix
- Part 1: History,Development and Genetics of the Mouse as a Laboratory Model1
- Chapter 1: Origin of the Laboratory Mouse and Related Subspecies3
- Introduction3
- The phylogenetic relationships of the house mouse4
- Mouse interspecific hybridization5
- The house mouse as a laboratory model: a historical perspective8
- The house mouse and its wild relatives10
- List of relevant URL for mouse resource centers12
- Chapter 2: Historical Foundations15
- Introduction15
- Historical foundations15
- History of mouse genetics and research with the laboratory mouse16
- The future21
- Chapter 3: Strains, Stocks, and Mutant Mice25
- Introduction25
- Laboratory mouse strains26
- Importance of standardized nomenclature34
- Mouse resources and repositories38
- Information resources39
- Conclusion44
- Chapter 4: Mouse Genomics47
- ENU mutagenesis47
- Phenogenetics60
- Positional cloning: from mutation to gene through mapping69
- Cytogenetics77
- Chapter 5: Generation of Mouse Mutants by Sequence Information Driven and Random Mutagenesis85
- Choosing the sequence driven mutagenesis approach85
- How to choose genes for a sequence driven approach?87
- Conditional gene targeting88
- Choosing the random mutagenesis approach89
- Generation of gene trap mouse mutants89
- Generation of ENU mutants90
- The forgotten mutants90
- The Gedankenexperiment91
- Conclusion93
- Chapter 6: The Mouse as an Animal Model for Human Diseases97
- Introduction97
- Tools used to generate transgenic mice and to express transgenes98
- Examples of transgenic models for human diseases102
- Conclusions and perspectives107
- Chapter 7: The Mouse in Preclinical Safety Studies111
- Acute toxicity112
- Repeat dose subacute/chronic toxicity112
- Carcinogenicity studies112
- Mutagenicity studies113
- Immunotoxicity113
- Part 2: Anatomy and Developmental Biology115
- Chapter 8: Gross Anatomy117
- Introduction117
- Chapter 9: Normative Histology of Organs133
- Introduction133
- Organ weights134
- Adrenal gland134
- Ampullary gland135
- Aorta135
- Bone136
- Bone marrow136
- Brain137
- Brown fat137
- Bulbourethral gland138
- Cecum138
- Colon138
- Clitoral gland (glandula clitoridis)138
- Coagulating gland138
- Duodenum138
- Ear138
- Epididymis139
- Esophagus139
- Estrous cycle140
- Eye140
- Gallbladder140
- Harderian gland141
- Heart141
- Ileum141
- Intestine142
- Jejunum144
- Joint144
- Kidney144
- Lacrimal gland146
- Larynx146
- Leydig cells146
- Liver146
- Lung147
- Lymph nodes148
- Mammary gland148
- Nasal cavity149
- Optic nerve150
- Oral cavity150
- Ovary151
- Oviduct151
- Pancreas152
- Pancreatic islets152
- Parathyroid gland152
- Penis152
- Peripheral nerve153
- Pharynx153
- Pineal body153
- Pituitary gland153
- Preputial gland154
- Prostate gland154
- Rectum154
- Salivary glands154
- Seminal vesicle155
- Skeletal muscle156
- Skin156
- Spinal cord157
- Spleen157
- Stomach158
- Testis158
- Thymus159
- Thyroid gland160
- Tongue160
- Tooth161
- Trachea161
- Ureter161
- Urethra161
- Urinary bladder162
- Uterus162
- Vagina163
- Vas deferens164
- Zymbal’s gland165
- Chapter 10: Imaging167
- Introduction167
- Chapter 11: Introduction to Early Mouse Development175
- Fertilization and preimplantation development175
- Implantation179
- Early postimplantation development179
- Gastrulation and development of the germ layers181
- Part 3: Pathophysiology (Including Non-Infectious Diseases)193
- Chapter 12: Skin and Adnexa of the Laboratory Mouse195
- Introduction195
- Clinical evaluation, tissue collection, and preservation of the skin196
- Development of the normal skin and adnexa201
- Normal anatomy of the skin and the hair cycle202
- Nails204
- Other specialized glands204
- Skin and adnexal mutant phenotypes204
- Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System207
- Introduction and background207
- Anatomical considerations208
- Histopathological characteristics of the normal mouse heart209
- Mouse electrocardiography210
- Functional cardiovascular measurements in the mouse – invasive vs. noninvasive211
- Experimental models216
- Pathology of MI in mice217
- Pathology of myocardial hypertrophy219
- Congestive heart failure221
- Murine models in aortic disease221
- Chapter 14: Respiratory Tract225
- Introduction225
- Physiological measurements226
- Conclusion241
- Chapter 15: Gastrointestinal System and Metabolism245
- Introduction245
- The digestive system245
- Metabolism250
- Chapter 16: Inbred Mouse Models for Autoimmune Disease261
- Abstract261
- Introduction261
- Induced arthritis models262
- Spontaneous models of arthritis266
- Pathological pathway diversity in arthritis267
- A disease oriented approach based on genetics267
- Humanization of animal models268
- Concluding remark268
- Chapter 17: Hematology of the Mouse271
- Introduction271
- Terminology271
- Blood collection and handling272
- Basics of hematologic evaluation272
- Variables affecting hematologic results278
- Pathophysiology and interpretation of results280
- Suggested reading286
- Chapter 18: The Social Behaviour of Mice and its Sensory Control287
- Introduction287
- Measuring social behaviour288
- Agonistic behaviour in mice290
- Sensory mediation of mouse social behaviour293
- Sensory deprivation studies296
- Conclusions298
- Chapter 19: Neuroendocrine–Immune Network in Stress301
- Stress301
- The stress system301
- Cerebral mechanisms in stress302
- Stress and growth/reproduction303
- Stress and gastrointestinal function304
- Stress and immune function304
- Effect of the HPA system on immune response305
- Stress and host defense306
- Conclusions307
- Chapter 20: Circadian Rhythms of the Mouse311
- Genesis of circadian rhythms311
- Circadian functions of the mouse315
- Chapter 21: Gerontology327
- Introduction327
- Mechanisms of cellular aging327
- Aging in the mouse330
- Mouse models of aging331
- Organ systems332
- Conclusion339
- Chapter 22: Diversity of Spontaneous Neoplasms in Commonly Used Inbred Strains and Stocks of Laborat345
- Introduction345
- Source materials346
- Strains349
- Results/discussion349
- Mouse cancer websites350
- Conclusions353
- Part 4: Infectious Agents and Diseases355
- Chapter 23: Viral Infections357
- Introduction357
- DNA viruses359
- RNA viruses369
- Part 5: Animal Husbandry and Production393
- Chapter 24: Housing and Maintenance395
- Introduction395
- Husbandry395
- Preventive care for immunocompromised breeders397
- Housing conditions397
- Animal facilities397
- SPF-units397
- IVC systems399
- Static micro-isolators400
- Isolators (positive pressure)400
- Isolators (negative pressure)400
- Quarantine401
- Therapeutic treatment401
- Presumptions for genetic manipulation401
- Identification systems401
- Refinement402
- Genetic monitoring403
- Genetic problems in engineered strains405
- Computer assisted management of animal facilities405
- Chapter 25: Gnotobiology and Breeding Techniques409
- Introduction and historical background, evolution of applications409
- Health standards: definitions and categories410
- Breeding techniques421
- Genetic standards and breeding systems421
- Mating systems and breeding techniques427
- Chapter 26: Assisted Reproduction and Cryopreservation435
- Embryotransfer435
- Collection of preimplantation embryos438
- Cryopreservation and revitalisation of preimplantation embryos and gametes442
- Setting up a frozen storage446
- Chapter 27: Health Monitoring449
- Introduction449
- Significance of infectious agents449
- Definitions of microbiological status450
- Sources of infections451
- Health monitoring programme453
- Chapter 28: Nutrition of Laboratory Mice463
- Introduction463
- Nutritional requirements463
- Toxic levels465
- Contaminants466
- Types of diets468
- Ad libitum feeding versus food restriction470
- Normal feeding behaviour versus food restriction472
- Individual housing versus group housing473
- Isocaloric exchange474
- Fasting474
- Mice models in nutrition research474
- Welfare considerations and enrichment478
- Part 6: Procedures481
- Chapter 29: Legal Regulations for the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Experiments483
- Introduction: Historical developments, public and scientific claims483
- The legal frameworks485
- Aim and scope of legislation of animal experimentation487
- The concept of pathocentric animal protection and killing of laboratory animals487
- Protection of animals differ among the species487
- The legitimate purposes of animal experimentation488
- Competence of persons involved in animal experimentation489
- Humane standards of animal husbandry and care490
- Control over permitted levels of pain or other forms of distress and the number of animals used490
- Permission for animal experimentation491
- Inspection of facilities and procedures492
- Alternatives492
- Chapter 30: Necropsy Methods495
- Introduction495
- Biological characterization of a new mutation495
- Clinical evaluation496
- Clinical pathology497
- Gross pathological examination498
- Fixatives499
- Euthanasia499
- Perfusion methods501
- Necropsy procedure501
- Trimming tissues for histology507
- Skeletal staining of whole mice512
- Conclusions513
- Appendix: Examples of commonly used fixatives for mouse histopathology514
- Chapter 31: Handling and Restraint517
- Introduction517
- Occupational health and risks517
- Definitions518
- Handling of mice519
- Restraining of mice521
- Effect of handling and restraint on well being of mice525
- Summary and recommendation525
- Chapter 32: Routes of Administration527
- General527
- Principles of administration527
- Enteral administration532
- Chapter 33: Collection of Body Fluids543
- Blood543
- Urine549
- Milk550
- Milking from lactating mice551
- Semen552
- Saliva553
- Lacrimal fluid553
- Peritoneal fluids553
- Chapter 34: Anesthesia, Analgesia and Euthanasia555
- Anesthesia555
- Analgesia565
- Euthanasia566
- Glossary571
- Index575
Among animals used in research, teaching and testing, mice are now widely recognized as the most important model for human diseases and disorders. They comprise the majority of all experimental mammals and tend to be the model of choice used for research into many diseases/disorders including cancer, heart disease, asthma, Alzheimer’s, Down syndrome, deafness, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes and even mental health research. Additionally the laboratory mouse continues to play a widely publicized vital role in the human genome project.
One of the most time-consuming activities in research laboratories is looking up information specific to the species or strain of animal being used. This book, part of the highly successful Handbook of Experimental Animals series, allows the user quick access to any point of interest on the mouse as an experimental model.
* Edited by Hans Hedrich, Hannover Medical School
* Comprehensive reference source written by international experts
* Well-illustrated with high quality detailed images
* Two-color, user-friendly format combined with color plate sections
One of the most time-consuming activities in research laboratories is looking up information specific to the species or strain of animal being used. This book, part of the highly successful Handbook of Experimental Animals series, allows the user quick access to any point of interest on the mouse as an experimental model.
* Edited by Hans Hedrich, Hannover Medical School
* Comprehensive reference source written by international experts
* Well-illustrated with high quality detailed images
* Two-color, user-friendly format combined with color plate sections