The Laboratory Rat
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- List of Contributorsxi
- Forewordxv
- Prefacexvii
- Part 1: The History and Development of the Rat as a Laboratory Model1
- Chapter 1. History, Strains and Models3
- Introduction3
- Historical Foundations3
- Rat Strains and Stocks8
- Chapter 2. National and International Guidelines for the Conduct of Chemical Safety Studies: Choice17
- The Rat as an Experimental Animal in Chemical Safety Studies17
- Guidelines for Chemical Safety Studies Using Rats18
- General Recommendations for Safety Studies in the Guidelines21
- Outlines of the Various Safety Studies23
- Considerations27
- Part 2: Housing and Maintenance29
- Chapter 3. Handling and Restraint31
- Introduction31
- Safety31
- Handling and Restraint of the Rat32
- In Summary42
- Chapter 4. Husbandry45
- Introduction45
- Microenvironment and Macroenvironment45
- Cage Cleaning51
- Identification52
- Enrichment53
- Chapter 5. Nutrition57
- Introduction57
- Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements57
- Nutritional Requirements59
- Type and Form of Diet65
- The Need to Control Dietary Intake65
- Dietary Control of the Adverse Effects of AL Overnutrition71
- Conclusion: The Need for Nutritional Control72
- Chapter 6. Animal Welfare Laws and Regulations77
- Introduction77
- Overall Structures and Frameworks79
- The Work81
- The Facilities87
- The People90
- The Administration92
- Conclusion92
- Further Reading94
- Part 3: Rat Pathogens97
- Chapter 7. Common Diseases99
- Introduction99
- Viral Diseases99
- Bacterial and Mycoplasmal Diseases111
- Parasitic Diseases124
- Chapter 8. Control of SPF Conditions: FELASA Standards133
- Introduction133
- Definition of 'SPF'133
- Requirements for Housing 'SPF' Animals134
- Risk Factors135
- Health Monitoring Programme136
- Health Report140
- Part 4: Reproduction and Breeding143
- Chapter 9. Physiology of Reproduction145
- Introduction145
- Sexual Differentiation145
- Puberty148
- Spermatogenesis and Testicular Functions150
- Estrous Cycle152
- Pregnancy and Parturition163
- Embryo and Fetus166
- Lactation167
- Reproductive Behavior171
- Chapter 10. Breeding and Assisted Reproduction Techniques177
- Introduction177
- Inbred Strains178
- Co-isogenic Strains180
- Congenic Strains180
- Segregating Inbred Strains183
- Hybrids183
- Recombinant Inbred Strains184
- Outbred Stocks185
- Embryo Transfer189
- Storage of Rat Strains as Frozen Preimplantation Embryos195
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)196
- Chapter 11. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Safety Studies199
- Choice of Species and Strains199
- Definitions200
- Regulatory Requirements for Reproductive Toxicology200
- Routes of Administration205
- Selection of Dose Levels205
- Animal Supply and Husbandry208
- Treatment of Controls208
- Embryotoxicity or Prenatal Development Studies209
- Fertility and Postnatal Investigations213
- Reporting of Data from Reproductive Toxicology Studies220
- Chapter 12. Developmental Neurotoxicity227
- Introduction227
- The Value of Experimental Animal Data227
- Vulnerability– Some Fundamental Differences between the Developing and the Adult Nervous Systems228
- Developmental Stages and Critical (Vulnerable) Periods in the Development of the Nervous System –233
- Developmental Stages and Critical (Vulnerable) Periods of the Development of the Nervous System– a235
- Developmental Neurotoxicity Studies in Rats242
- Part 5: Anatomy251
- Chapter 13. Gross Anatomy253
- Introduction253
- Chapter 14. Imaging277
- Introduction277
- Chapter 15. Synopsis of the Organ Anatomy283
- Introduction283
- Part 6: Physiology321
- Chapter 16. Respiration323
- Introduction323
- Structural Features323
- Respiratory Mechanics326
- Ventilation of the Lung329
- Aging of the Lung331
- Particle Deposition in the Respiratory System331
- Particle Clearance from the Respiratory System333
- Airway Reactivity335
- Exposure Methods in Regulatory Toxicology336
- Chapter 17. Circulation345
- Anatomical Heterogeneity of Blood Vessels345
- Physiology of the Blood Vessels346
- Physiology of the Heart349
- Pathophysiology in Hypertension350
- Chapter 18. Digestion, Metabolism359
- Digestion359
- Metabolism371
- Chapter 19. The Urinary System385
- Introduction385
- Basic Anatomical Considerations386
- Vascularization of the Rat Kidney and Regulation of Renal Blood Flow387
- Glomerular Structure and Mechanisms of Glomerular Filtration391
- Cortical Peritubular Microcirculation and Fluid Reabsorption393
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) and Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)394
- Tubular Structure and Function394
- Other Functions of the Rat Kidney398
- Practical Urinary Collection and Analysis399
- Chapter 20. Endocrinology401
- Introduction401
- Hypothalamus401
- Pituitary403
- Testis and Ovary406
- Uterus408
- Placenta409
- Heart409
- Adipose Tissue410
- Thyroid Gland410
- Parathyroid Gland411
- Adrenal Gland411
- Kidney412
- Pineal Gland412
- Pancreas413
- Gastrointestinal Hormones414
- Chapter 21. Behavior, Neurology and Electrophysiology419
- General Aspects419
- Clinical Approach420
- Neurological Examination422
- Neurophysiological Techniques426
- Ethological Approach428
- Behavioural Tests429
- Conditioned Behaviour429
- Regulatory Neurotoxicology433
- Chapter 22. Immunology and Hematology437
- Immunology437
- Hematology439
- Chapter 23. Physiology of Stress and Starvation-like Conditions447
- Stress447
- Starvation-like Conditions454
- Part 7: Procedures461
- Chapter 24. Routes of Administration463
- General463
- Principles of Administration464
- Enteral Administration465
- Parenteral Administration470
- Other Methods for Parenteral Administration479
- Chapter 25. Collection of Body Fluids485
- Blood485
- Urine494
- Lacrimal Fluid498
- Saliva498
- Peritoneal Fluids498
- Bile499
- Pancreatic Juice500
- Semen501
- Female Reproductive Products503
- Milk504
- Lymph505
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)506
- Chapter 26. Anesthesia, Artificial Ventilation and Perfusion Fixation511
- Anesthesia511
- Artificial Ventilation516
- Perfusion Fixation518
- Chapter 27. Experimental Surgery523
- General Principles523
- General Techniques526
- Permanent Cannulation of the Jugular Vein530
- Permanent Double Bile Fistula with Intact Enterohepatic Circulation533
- Permanent Cannulation of the Portal Vein538
- Permanent Cannulation of the Iliolumbar Artery541
- Transplantation of the Heart543
- Orthotopic Lung Transplantation547
- Intracranial Surgery551
- Basic Surgical Procedures560
- Chapter 28. Necropsy Techniques with Standard Collection and Trimming of Tissues569
- Introduction569
- Necropsy Preparation570
- Trimming of Fixed Tissues for Processing587
- Part 8: Emerging New Techniques601
- Chapter 29. Genetic Engineering and Molecular Technology603
- Overview: Use of Genetic Methods in Vertebrate Biology603
- Tools for Exploring Interesting Genes604
- The Rat as a Species of Choice for Genetic Engineering605
- Genetic Manipulation of Rats606
- Genotypic Analysis of Engineered Rats – Detection of Gene Insertion628
- Phenotypic Analysis of Engineered Rats628
- Appendix 1: Table of Genetic Markers in The Rat635
- Appendix 2: List of equipment suppliers/vendors by country725
- Appendix 3: Societies Active in Laboratory Animal Science729
- Glossary731
- Index737
- Diagrams757
This reference series will provide all researchers using laboratory animals with comprehensive practical information on the various species. Each title in the series is devoted to a particular species, and draws together all available data in a "one-stop", easily accessible source. Each has similar format, with sections on the strains available, their husbandry, and special diets. Also included are sections on gross anatomy, endocrinology, and reproduction, followed by more detailed sections on neuroanatomy, vasculature, cell biology, and histology of particular organs and structures, and a section on molecular biology.
High quality illustrations are included throughout and a color plate section is provided. A glossary, list of equipment suppliers, and "Quick Reference Section" are added features. The "Quick Reference Section" brings together all tables from the text, allowing readers to find data swiftly.
The first volume in The Handbook of Experimental Animals Series, The Laboratory Rat, provides researchers in academia and industry using laboratory animals with comprehensive, practical information on the species. The Laboratory Rat has been divided into eight sections dealing with:
* Strains and their selection for research
* Housing and maintenance
* Pathogens and diseases
* Breeding and reproduction
* Anatomy
* Physiology
* Procedures, including experimental surgery
* Emerging techniques, including genetic engineering and molecular technology
Key Features
* Provides a valuable, comprehensive reference source for anybody working with the laboratory rat
* Formatted in a two-color, user-friendly layout
* Includes high-quality illustrations throughout as well as a color plate section
* Glossary
* Tables in the text are also arranged into one Quick Reference Section for ease of access to the data
* Appendix of equipment suppliers
High quality illustrations are included throughout and a color plate section is provided. A glossary, list of equipment suppliers, and "Quick Reference Section" are added features. The "Quick Reference Section" brings together all tables from the text, allowing readers to find data swiftly.
The first volume in The Handbook of Experimental Animals Series, The Laboratory Rat, provides researchers in academia and industry using laboratory animals with comprehensive, practical information on the species. The Laboratory Rat has been divided into eight sections dealing with:
* Strains and their selection for research
* Housing and maintenance
* Pathogens and diseases
* Breeding and reproduction
* Anatomy
* Physiology
* Procedures, including experimental surgery
* Emerging techniques, including genetic engineering and molecular technology
Key Features
* Provides a valuable, comprehensive reference source for anybody working with the laboratory rat
* Formatted in a two-color, user-friendly layout
* Includes high-quality illustrations throughout as well as a color plate section
* Glossary
* Tables in the text are also arranged into one Quick Reference Section for ease of access to the data
* Appendix of equipment suppliers