The Migration Ecology of Birds
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Prefacevii
- Chapter 1 Introduction1
- TYPES OF BIRD MOVEMENTS2
- ADAPTATIONS FOR MIGRATION5
- THE DIVERSITY OF MIGRATION7
- SEDENTARY POPULATIONS16
- HIBERNATION17
- SUMMARY17
- Chapter 2 Methodology19
- OBSERVATIONS OF BIRDS ON MIGRATION20
- RADAR AND OTHER DEVICES22
- DISTRIBUTION STUDIES25
- RINGING25
- RADIO-TRACKING30
- ISOTOPES AND OTHER MARKERS32
- CONNECTIVITY35
- STOPOVER ECOLOGY35
- LABORATORY RESEARCH ON PHYSIOLOGY, MIGRATORY RESTLESSNESS AND DIRECTIONAL PREFERENCES36
- BREEDING PROGRAMMES38
- MATHEMATICAL MODELS39
- CONCLUDING REMARKS40
- SUMMARY41
- PART ONE: THE MIGRATORY PROCESS43
- Chapter 3 Migratory flight45
- BODY WEIGHT, SPEED AND FLIGHT MODE46
- FLAPPING AND SOARING FLIGHT56
- THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY HEIGHT61
- CONCLUSIONS ON THE ROLE OF BODY SIZE IN BIRD MIGRATION61
- THE NEED FOR REST62
- MIGRATION BY WALKING OR SWIMMING64
- CONCLUDING REMARKS65
- SUMMARY65
- Chapter 4 Weather effects and other aspects67
- MIGRATION AND WEATHER68
- ALTITUDE OF MIGRATION78
- DIURNAL AND NOCTURNAL FLIGHT85
- SOCIAL FACTORS89
- REVERSE MIGRATION92
- SUMMARY93
- Chapter 5 Fuelling the flights95
- ENERGY NEEDS AND BODY COMPOSITION96
- MIGRATION MODE105
- MECHANISMS OF FUEL DEPOSITION112
- DAILY RATES OF WEIGHT GAIN117
- EXAMPLES OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION118
- FAT CHICKS130
- CONCLUDING REMARKS132
- SUMMARY133
- APPENDIX 5.1 CALCULATION OF FLIGHT RANGES134
- Chapter 6 Incredible journeys139
- SEA-CROSSINGS140
- DESERT CROSSINGS145
- HIGH MOUNTAINS156
- OTHER BARRIERS159
- CONCLUDING REMARKS159
- SUMMARY160
- POSTSCRIPT161
- Chapter 7 Raptors and other soaring birds163
- USE OF THERMALS AND OTHER UPDRAFTS175
- EXTENSION OF MIGRATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SOARING182
- SOCIAL FACTORS182
- COUNTS IN ISRAEL183
- NUMBERS ENTERING AFRICA187
- MIGRATION AT OTHER SITES188
- ENERGY RESERVES189
- SUMMARY191
- Chapter 8 Speed and duration of journeys193
- THEORETICAL BASIS195
- EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES199
- PROPORTION OF MIGRATION SPENT IN FLIGHT222
- APPARENT NON-STOP SEA-CROSSINGS227
- PENGUINS228
- MIGRATION WITHIN THE ANNUAL CYCLE228
- CONCLUDING REMARKS229
- SUMMARY230
- Chapter 9 Finding the way231
- COMPASS ORIENTATION AND BI-COORDINATE NAVIGATION233
- CUES USED IN DIRECTION FINDING241
- SOCIAL FACTORS257
- LOXODROMES AND ORTHODROMES259
- CONCLUDING REMARKS263
- SUMMARY264
- Chapter 10 Vagrancy267
- PROBABILITY OF ARRIVAL271
- LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL273
- EFFECT OF POPULATION SIZE274
- DRIFT BY WIND275
- OVERSHOOTING281
- DEVIANT DIRECTIONAL TENDENCIES284
- MIRROR-IMAGE MIGRATION285
- REVERSED-DIRECTION MIGRATION286
- NEW ROUTES AND RANGE EXPANSION290
- HUMAN-ASSISTED VAGRANCY294
- EVIDENCE FROM RINGING295
- CONCLUDING REMARKS295
- SUMMARY298
- PART TWO: THE TIMING AND CONTROL OF MIGRATION301
- Chapter 11 Annual cycles303
- VARIATIONS IN ANNUAL CYCLES304
- INTERNAL TIME KEEPING315
- FLEXIBLE CYCLES327
- CONCLUDING REMARKS328
- SUMMARY330
- Chapter 12 Control mechanisms333
- OBLIGATE AND FACULTATIVE MODES334
- MIGRATION TIMING, DISTANCES AND DIRECTIONS337
- AUTUMN MIGRATION347
- SPRING MIGRATION352
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING ARRIVAL, BREEDING AND AUTUMN DEPARTURE359
- DEFERRED RETURN TO BREEDING AREAS360
- HORMONAL ISSUES361
- CONCLUDING REMARKS363
- SUMMARY364
- PART THREE: LARGE-SCALE MOVEMENT PATTERNS367
- Chapter 13 Geographical patterns369
- LATITUDINAL TRENDS370
- MIGRATION AND DIET375
- LATITUDINAL SHIFTS377
- ALTITUDINAL MIGRATION379
- COMPARISONS BETWEEN HEMISPHERES380
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREEDING AND WINTERING AREAS382
- MIGRATION WITHIN THE SOUTHERN CONTINENTS389
- CONCLUDING REMARKS394
- SUMMARY396
- Chapter 14 Seasonal occupation of breeding areas399
- LATITUDINAL TREND IN THE TIMING OF SPRING402
- RECOLONISATION PATTERNS406
- RE-OCCUPATION OF LOCAL BREEDING AREAS412
- POST-BREEDING RETREAT420
- CONCLUDING REMARKS423
- SUMMARY423
- Chapter 15 Sex and age differences in migration425
- MIGRATORY TIMING AND BREEDING ROLES426
- MIGRATORY DISTANCE, BODY SIZE AND DOMINANCE438
- MIGRATION AND DEFERRED BREEDING445
- SPECIES SUMMERING IN 'WINTERING' AREAS446
- LOCAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS451
- OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEX AND AGE GROUPS452
- GENETIC CONTROL OF SEX AND AGE DIFFERENCES454
- CONCLUDING REMARKS454
- SUMMARY455
- Chapter 16 Variations on a migratory theme457
- MOULT MIGRATIONS457
- MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE BREEDING SEASON463
- MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE NON-BREEDING SEASON466
- NOMADISM471
- CONCLUDING REMARKS477
- SUMMARY478
- Chapter 17 Site-fidelity and dispersal479
- NATAL DISPERSAL482
- BREEDING DISPERSAL489
- LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSERS500
- NON-BREEDING DISPERSAL501
- FIDELITY TO STOPOVER SITES508
- POST-FLEDGING DISPERSAL511
- DISPERSIVE MIGRATION513
- SITE ATTACHMENT518
- OTHER ASPECTS OF DISPERSAL520
- SUMMARY521
- Chapter 18 Irruptive migrations: boreal seed-eaters523
- SEED CROPS524
- THE IRRUPTIVE SEED-EATERS AND FRUIT-EATERS526
- TWICE-YEARLY MIGRANTS526
- ONCE-YEARLY MIGRANTS546
- OVERVIEW OF SEED-EATERS557
- CONCLUDING REMARKS559
- SUMMARY561
- Chapter 19 Irruptive migrations: owls, raptors and waterfowl563
- OWLS AND OTHER PREDATORS564
- WATERFOWL AND OTHERS581
- CONCLUDING REMARKS585
- SUMMARY586
- PART FOUR: EVOLUTION OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS587
- Chapter 20 Evolutionary aspects589
- ADAPTATIONS FOR MIGRATION591
- ADAPTIVE TIMING596
- PARTIAL MIGRATION597
- THE GENETICAL CONTROL OF MIGRATION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE599
- CONCLUDING REMARKS611
- SUMMARY613
- APPENDIX 20.1 PITFALLS IN MEASURES OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MIGRATION614
- Chapter 21 Recent changes in bird migrations617
- MIGRATORY TO SEDENTARY618
- SEDENTARY TO MIGRATORY624
- SHORTENING OF MIGRATION ROUTES624
- LENGTHENING OF MIGRATION ROUTES626
- CHANGES IN MIGRATORY DIRECTIONS626
- MIGRATION TIMING627
- BREEDING IN WINTERING RANGE633
- DISCUSSION633
- SUMMARY637
- Chapter 22 Biogeographical legacies639
- INDIRECT ROUTES TO DISTANT WINTERING AREAS640
- EVOLUTION OF BARRIER CROSSING649
- LOOP MIGRATIONS654
- MIGRATORY DIVIDES656
- MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS HIGHER OR LOWER LATITUDES660
- DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRATION PATTERNS669
- CONCLUDING REMARKS671
- SUMMARY673
- Chapter 23 Distribution patterns675
- NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTION IN CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES676
- NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES679
- EVOLUTION OF ALLOHEIMY689
- NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTIONS IN AGE AND SEX GROUPS OF THE SAME POPULATION692
- ALTERNATIVE MODELS: TIME AND ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS693
- SUMMARY696
- PART FIVE: MIGRATION SYSTEMS AND POPULATION LIMITATION697
- Chapter 24 The Palaearctic–Afrotropical migration system699
- THE BIRDS INVOLVED700
- THE AFRICAN WINTERING AREAS702
- MOVEMENTS WITHIN AFRICA707
- ECOLOGY OF MIGRANTS IN AFRICA711
- EFFECTS OF DROUGHTS ON MIGRANT NUMBERS716
- OTHER POSSIBLE FACTORS IN POPULATION DECLINES722
- THE ASIAN–AUSTRALASIAN MIGRATION SYSTEM725
- SUMMARY726
- Chapter 25 The Nearctic–Neotropical migration system729
- THE BIRDS AND THEIR WINTERING AREAS730
- POPULATION DECLINES IN MIGRANTS734
- CONCLUDING REMARKS747
- SUMMARY749
- Chapter 26 Population limitation – breeding and wintering areas751
- SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES754
- EXAMPLES OF SPECIES AFFECTED BY EVENTS IN BREEDING OR WINTERING AREAS759
- CAUSES OF POPULATION DECLINES772
- OTHER ASPECTS773
- CONCLUDING REMARKS774
- SUMMARY775
- Chapter 27 Population limitation – conditions on stopover777
- CONCEPTUAL MODELS778
- FOOD LIMITATION AT STOPOVER SITES780
- BODY CONDITION AND SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE787
- INFLUENCE OF PREDATION, DISTURBANCE AND PARASITISM791
- EFFECTS OF STOPOVER EVENTS ON POPULATIONS796
- RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION-RELATED MORTALITY797
- CONCLUDING REMARKS798
- SUMMARY801
- APPENDIX 27.1802
- Chapter 28 Mass mortality of migrants805
- WEATHER AND IN-FLIGHT MORTALITY806
- UNSEASONABLE COLD SOON AFTER ARRIVAL IN BREEDING AREAS812
- UNSEASONABLE COLD BEFORE DEPARTURE FROM BREEDING AREAS815
- HUMAN-INDUCED LOSSES816
- DISCUSSION817
- SUMMARY820
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- References837
- Index949
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This book presents an up-to-date, detailed and thorough review of the most fascinating ecological findings of bird migration. It deals with all aspects of this absorbing subject, including the problems of navigation and vagrancy, the timing and physiological control of migration, the factors that limit their populations, and more. Author, Ian Newton, reveals the extraordinary adaptability of birds to the variable and changing conditions across the globe, including current climate change. This adventurous book places emphasis on ecological aspects, which have received only scant attention in previous publications. Overall, the book provides the most thorough and in-depth appraisal of current information available, with abundant tables, maps and diagrams, and many new insights. Written in a clear and readable style, this book appeals not only to migration researchers in the field and Ornithologists, but to anyone with an interest in this fascinating subject.
* Hot ecological aspects include: various types of bird movements, including dispersal and nomadism, and how they relate to food supplies and other external conditions
* Contains numerous tables, maps and diagrams, a glossary, and a bibliography of more than 2,700 references
* Written by an active researcher with a distinguished career in avian ecology, including migration research
* Hot ecological aspects include: various types of bird movements, including dispersal and nomadism, and how they relate to food supplies and other external conditions
* Contains numerous tables, maps and diagrams, a glossary, and a bibliography of more than 2,700 references
* Written by an active researcher with a distinguished career in avian ecology, including migration research