The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field: Development and the Biota
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Forewordxiii
- Prefacexv
- PART I: Introduction to Arctic Ecosystems1
- Chapter 1. Introduction3
- Introduction3
- Physical Environment5
- Wildlife, Fish, and Habitats6
- Anthropogenic Changes8
- The Investigative Focus10
- References10
- Chapter 2. North Slope Oil Field Development15
- Introduction15
- The History of North Slope Oil Exploration and Development17
- The Nature of Oil Development18
- Identifying and Monitoring Environmental Impacts25
- Mitigating Environmental Impacts27
- Conclusions30
- References32
- Chapter 3. Vegetative Responses to Disturbance35
- Introduction35
- Exploration Sites (1940-1970)40
- Exploration Sites (1970-1990)41
- Exploration Sites (1990s)42
- Winter Haul Roads43
- Production Pads and Roads45
- Dust Fallout from Roads46
- Gravel Spills on Tundra46
- Snow Stockpiles47
- Seeded and Fertilized Sites47
- Nutrients from Wastewater48
- Impoundments49
- Buried Cable Trenches50
- Oil Spills50
- Brine Spills52
- Conclusions52
- Epilogue53
- References54
- PART II: Mammals of an Arctic Oil Field57
- Chapter 4. Caribou59
- Introduction59
- Distribution and Abundance60
- Population Influences in the Oil-Field Region66
- Responses to Human Activity and Habitat Change70
- Can Caribou Adapt to Environmental Change?77
- References80
- Chapter 5. Caribou and Oil Fields85
- Introduction85
- Caribou Use of the Oil Fields87
- Implications for Impacts of Oil Development96
- References101
- CH4Chapter 6. Grizzly Bear105
- Introduction105
- Distribution and Abundance110
- Habitat Use and Food Habits112
- Denning Ecology117
- Population Dynamics122
- Discussion126
- References129
- Chapter 7. Polar Bear133
- Introduction133
- Distribution and Movement137
- Maternal Denning142
- Population Status146
- Research and Management Challenges149
- Conservation Issues151
- Conclusions153
- References154
- Chapter 8. Arctic Fox159
- Introduction159
- Distribution and Abundance161
- Population Influences and Limits in the Region167
- Responses to Development171
- Management Issues172
- References173
- PART III: Birds of an Arctic Oil Field179
- Chapter 9. Pacific Loon181
- Introduction181
- Distribution, Abundance, and Productivity182
- Population Influences183
- Responses to Habitat Change and Human Activity189
- References193
- Chapter 10. Tundra Swans197
- Introduction197
- Distribution and Abundance199
- Nesting Success and Productivity206
- Habitat Use208
- Diet210
- Environmental Influences on Swan Populations211
- Conclusions216
- References217
- Chapter 11. Black Brant221
- Introduction221
- Distribution and Abundance223
- Population Influences in the Oil-Field Region226
- Responses to Habitat Change and Human Activity229
- References230
- Chapter 12. Lesser Snow Goose233
- Introduction233
- Distribution and Abundance235
- Population Influences in the Oil-Field Region245
- Implications of Migration252
- Conclusions254
- References254
- Chapter 13. Pacific Eider259
- Introduction259
- Regional Distribution and Nesting260
- Migration266
- Population Influences in the Oil-Field Region267
- Population Influences Elsewhere270
- Conclusions271
- References272
- Chapter 14. Shorebirds277
- Introduction277
- Distribution and Abundance280
- Population Influences in the Oil-Field Region285
- Responses to Habitat Change and Human Activity292
- References299
- PART IV: Marine and Freshwater Life305
- Chapter 15. Freshwater Invertebrates: Their Regulation and Importance to Vertebrates307
- Introduction307
- Habitat309
- The Invertebrate Fauna310
- Regulation of Invertebrate Communities314
- Influences of Development317
- References323
- Chapter 16. Freshwater Fishes in the Arctic Oil-Field Region and Coastal Plain of Alaska327
- Introduction328
- Freshwater Habitats and Their Dominant Fishes328
- Ninespine Stickleback335
- Arctic Grayling338
- Least Cisco340
- Broad Whitefish343
- Round Whitefish344
- Conclusions345
- References346
- Chapter 17. Anadromous and Amphidromous Fishes349
- Introduction349
- Distribution and Abundance353
- Habitat and Trophic Ecology358
- Responses to Development361
- References365
- Chapter 18. The Benthic Faunal Assemblage of the Boulder Patch Kelp Community371
- Introduction372
- Study Area373
- Methods375
- Results377
- Discussion386
- Management Implications395
- References396
- PART V: Synthesis399
- Chapter 19. Synthesis401
- Index409
In spite of the harsh conditions that characterize the Arctic, it is a surprisingly fragile ecosystem. The exploration for oil in the Arctic over the past 30 years has had profound effects on the plants and animals that inhabit this frozen clime. The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field synthesizes decades of research on these myriad impacts. Specialists with years of field experience have contributed to this volume to create the first widely available synopsis of the ecology and wildlife biology of animals and plants living in close association with an actively producing oil field.
* First widely available synthesis of arctic oil field ecology and wildlife biology
* Concise yet readable treatment of a diverse polar ecosystem
* Useful for land managers, policy makers as well as ecologists, and population biologists
* Chapters authored by recognized authorities and contributions are peer-reviewed for accuracy and scientific rigor
* Illustrations attractively designed to enhance comprehension
* First widely available synthesis of arctic oil field ecology and wildlife biology
* Concise yet readable treatment of a diverse polar ecosystem
* Useful for land managers, policy makers as well as ecologists, and population biologists
* Chapters authored by recognized authorities and contributions are peer-reviewed for accuracy and scientific rigor
* Illustrations attractively designed to enhance comprehension