The Ovary
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxv
- Prefacexix
- Part I: The Ovarian Follicular Apparatus: Operational Characteristics1
- Chapter 1. Neural and Neurotrophic Control of Ovarian Development3
- Introduction3
- Conclusion18
- Chapter 2. Dynamics of Human Follicular Growth: Morphologic, Dynamic, and Functional Aspects25
- Abstract25
- Introduction25
- Anatomy of the Human Ovary25
- Initiation of the Follicular Growth27
- Follicle Growth31
- Conclusion38
- Chapter 3. Dynamics of Primate Follicular Growth: A Physiological Perspective45
- Introduction45
- Stages of Folliculogenesis45
- Initiation of Preovulatory Folliculogenesis45
- Mechanism by Which a Developing Follicle Gains Dominance Over Others46
- Mechanism by Which the Maturing Follicle Maintains Its Dominance Over Other Follicles48
- Mechanism(S) Responsible for the Reduced Requirement for Follicle-Stimulating Hormone by the Maturin49
- Chapter 4. Functional Consequences of Mutations and Polymorphisms in Gonadotropin and Gonadotropin R55
- Abstract55
- Introduction55
- Structural Features of Gonadotropins and Gonadotropin Receptors55
- Effects of Mutations and Polymorphisms in Gonadotropin and Gonadotropin Receptor Genes on Ovarian Fu62
- Conclusion72
- Chapter 5. Regulation of Gonadotropin Receptor in the Ovary79
- Introduction79
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Structure and Function79
- Functional Characteristics of the Extracellular and the Transmembrane Domains80
- Role of the Intracellular Domains in G Protein Coupling and Activation80
- Regulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid81
- Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid85
- Conclusion88
- Chapter 6. Intracellular Cholesterol Dynamics in Steroidogenic Cells93
- Introduction93
- Structural Characteristics of the Steroidogenic Cell93
- Acquisition of Cholesterol by the Steroidogenic Cell94
- Cholesteryl Ester96
- Intracellular Cholesterol Transport98
- MLN64102
- Conclusion104
- Part II: Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation111
- Chapter 7. Regulation of Mammalian Oocyte Maturation113
- Abstract113
- Introduction113
- Nuclear Maturation113
- Epigenetic Maturation119
- Cytoplasmic Maturation121
- Conclusion123
- Chapter 8. Oocyte-Granulosa Cell Interactions131
- Abstract131
- Development of the Ovarian Follicle131
- Interactions between Oocyte and Granulosa Cells during Follicle Development133
- Conclusion138
- Chapter 9. Ovulation: An Inflammatory Cascade of Gene Expression145
- Abstract145
- Introduction145
- The Immediate-Early Gene Response146
- Steroidogenesis147
- The Inflammatory Cascade148
- Oxidative Stress154
- Angiogenesis155
- Conclusion156
- Part III: The Corpus Luteum167
- Chapter 10. The Functions and Regulation of Cell Populations Comprising the Corpus Luteum during the169
- Abstract169
- Introduction169
- The Vasculature of the Corpus Luteum169
- Hormone-Producing Cells of the Corpus Luteum172
- Immune Cells in the Corpus Luteum178
- Conclusion180
- Chapter 11. Luteinization185
- Abstract185
- Introduction185
- Morphological Events in the Formation of the Corpus Luteum185
- Functional Changes During Luteinization187
- Luteinization as Terminal Differentiation of Follicular Cells188
- Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation of Luteinization189
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Luteinization191
- Conclusion193
- Chapter 12. The Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy201
- Abstract201
- Introduction201
- Formation of the Corpus Luteum202
- Luteal Steroidogenesis and its Regulation206
- Cellular Interactions208
- Maintenance and Regulation of the Corpus Luteum210
- Regression of the Corpus Luteum215
- Conclusion217
- Part IV: Intraovarian Regulators231
- Chapter 13. Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and Action in the Ovary233
- Abstract233
- Prostaglandins and Their Receptors233
- Prostaglandins and the Ovarian Follicle236
- Prostaglandins and the Corpus Luteum Luteolysis240
- Chapter 14. Actions of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 on Sterol-Metabolizing Gene Expressi249
- Abstract249
- Introduction249
- Insulin and IGF-1: Roles in Steroidogenesis250
- Genes Responsible for Steroidogenesis: Regulation by Insulin or IGF-1250
- Conclusion254
- Chapter 15. Potential Role of Cytokines in Ovarian Physiology: The Case for Interleukin-1261
- Introduction261
- Folliculogenesis261
- Ovulation263
- Corpus Luteum Function267
- Conclusion268
- Chapter 16. Activin, Inhibin, and Follistatin in Ovarian Physiology273
- Introduction273
- Gonadal Regulation of Activin, Inhibin, and Follistatin273
- Molecular Mechanisms and Regulation of Activin and Inhibin Signal Transduction274
- Inhibin and Activin Expression and Action in the Pituitary275
- Inhibin and Activin Expression and Action in the Ovary276
- Conclusions280
- Chapter 17. Gn-RH as an Autocrine Regulator in the Human Ovary289
- Abstract289
- Introduction305
- Expression of Gn-RH-I, Gn-RH-II, and Gn-RH-I Receptor Gene in the Human Ovary290
- Regulation of Gn-RH-I, Gn-RH-II, and Gn-RH-I Receptor Gene Expression in the Human Ovary291
- Functional Roles of Gn-RH-I and Gn-RH-II in the Human Ovary292
- Gn-RH-II Receptor in Humans: What is Known and Unknown?297
- Conclusion298
- Chapter 18. Ovarian Angiogenesis305
- Abstract305
- Introduction305
- Angiogenesis305
- Ovarian Angiogenesis306
- Vascular Endothelial-Specific Growth Factors Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Vascular Permeabilit307
- Conclusion314
- Part V: Cyclic Ovarian Cell Death319
- Chapter 19. Apoptosis in Ovarian Development, Function, and Failure321
- Abstract321
- Introduction321
- General Concepts in Apoptosis322
- Apoptosis in Ovarian Somatic Cells331
- Female Germ Cell Apoptosis335
- Selected Examples of the Clinical Significance of Apoptosis in the Ovary338
- Conclusion341
- Chapter 20. Reactive Oxygen Species and Ovarian Function353
- Introduction353
- Reactive Oxygen Species353
- Reactive Oxygen Species in the Follicle and Oocyte355
- Reactive Oxygen Species in the Corpus Luteum and Luteolysis358
- Medical Implications of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Ovary361
- Chapter 21. Follicle Selection in Mammalian Ovaries: Regulatory Mechanisms of Granulosa Cell Apoptos369
- Introduction369
- Follicular Growth and Development369
- Follicular Atresia370
- Cell-Death Ligand and Receptor System in Granulosa Cells373
- Conclusion379
- Part VI: Novel Experimental Models387
- Chapter 22. Generation and Application of Ovarian Steroidogenic Cell Lines389
- Abstract389
- Introduction389
- Generation of Steroidogenic Ovarian Cell Lines Granulosa Cell Lines Responding to Cyclic Adenosine M390
- Mechanism of Induction of Differentiation in Oncogene-Transformed Cells391
- Analysis of Signal Transduction Stimulated by Gonadotropins in Steroidogenic Granulosa Cells Line Tr395
- Intracellular Communication in Steroidogenic Granulosa Cells396
- Ovarian Cell Death398
- Mechanisms of Secretion of Paracrine Factors in Immortalized Steroidogenic Cells401
- Use of Cells for in Vitro Bioassay of Gonadotropins401
- Future Research401
- Chapter 23. The Application of Gene Ablation and Related Technologies to the Study of Ovarian Functi411
- Introduction411
- Targeting Endogenous Loci in Embryonic Stem Cells411
- Germ Cell Development and Gonadogenesis411
- Apoptotic Programs in Germ Cells and Somatic Cells413
- Folliculogenesis and Oocyte-Granulosa Cell Communications415
- Gonadotropin Hormones and Mouse Models of Human Disease419
- Models of Inhibin and Activin Function and Variations on Knockout Technology420
- Knockout Mouse Models with Defects in Estrogen Synthesis and Signaling421
- Intracellular Regulators of Cell Division within the Ovary421
- Meiosis, Fertilization, and Maternal Effect Genes422
- Conclusion425
- Chapter 24. Bioinformatic Analysis of Ovarian Genes Using an Ovary-Specific Database433
- Introduction433
- Ovary-Specific Database433
- Ovarian "Bottleneck" Genes Associated with Infertility434
- Construction of Gene Pathway Maps435
- Sorting Out Cell-Specific Expression of Genes435
- Promoter Analysis of Syn-Expressed Genes during Follicular Development, Ovulation, and Luteinization436
- Chromosomal Localization of Genes: Identification of Mutant Genes with Unique Phenotypes436
- Identification of Ligand-Receptor Pairs for Paracrine Regulation436
- Conclusion437
- Part VII: Human Ovarian Pathophysiology: Select Aspects439
- Chapter 25. Gonadotropin Ovulation Induction441
- Abstract441
- Introduction441
- Pathophysiology of Ovarian Stimulation442
- Gonadotropin Preparations443
- Ovulation Induction Protocols443
- Monitoring Ovulation Induction446
- Patient Characteristics as Determining Factors for Treatment Outcome446
- Insulin Sensitizers as Adjuvant Therapy447
- Conclusion447
- Chapter 26. The Role of Gn-RH Antagonists in Supporting Ovarian Hyperstimulation Protocols451
- Abstract451
- Introduction451
- Structure and Mechanism of Action of Gn-RH Analogs451
- Gn-RH Antagonists in Ovarian Hyperstimulation453
- Future Perspective456
- Conclusion457
- Chapter 27. The Ovarian Factor in Assisted Reproductive Technology461
- Introduction461
- Decline in Female Fertility with Age Overview461
- Meiotic Spindles463
- Oocyte Maturation and Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid464
- Granulosa Cell Communication464
- Gonadotropin Stimulation Protocols Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist or Antagonist465
- Chapter 28. Ovarian Function in Assisted Reproduction473
- Introduction473
- Normal Ovarian Physiology473
- Modulating Ovarian Function for Assisted Reproduction474
- Optimizing Stimulation Protocols477
- Ovarian Function in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome478
- The Impact of Age on Ovarian Function481
- Evaluation of Ovarian Function481
- Poor Ovarian Response482
- Conclusion483
- Chapter 29. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome489
- Abstract489
- Introduction489
- Differential Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome489
- Clinical Stigmata of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome491
- Clinical Sequelae of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome495
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Lifetime Disorder?498
- Genetic Etiology498
- Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome502
- Generalized Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome502
- Treatment of Infertility503
- Treatment of Hirsutism504
- Other Treatments505
- Conclusion505
- Chapter 30. The Role of the Ovary in the Genesis of Hyperandrogenism513
- Abstract513
- The Ovarian Contribution to Circulating Androgen Concentrations in Hyperandrogenic Women513
- Characterization of the Ovarian Phenotype in Hyperandrogenic Women513
- Regulation of Theca Cell Differentiation and Steroidogenesis515
- Conclusion518
- Chapter 31. Luteal Dysfunction523
- Introduction523
- Historical Perspective523
- Requirements for Normal Corpus Luteum Function523
- Pathophysiology524
- Diagnosis of Luteal Phase Deficiency528
- Treatment530
- Choice of Therapy for Treatment of Luteal Phase Deficiency531
- New Data and New Perspectives532
- Conclusion534
- Chapter 32. Germ Cell Failure and Ovarian Resistance: Human Genes and Disorders541
- Introduction541
- Embryology of Ovarian Development: Nature of Genes to be Postulated541
- Ovarian Failure as a Result of Haplo-Insufficiency for the X Chromosome (X-Monosomy and X-Deletions)541
- Ovarian Failure as a Result of Mendelian Causes545
- Polygenic Factors in Premature Ovarian Failure: Normal Continuations Variation as a Cause of Heritab551
- Ovarian Resistance551
- Chapter 33. Ovarian Function and Survival of Patients with Cervical Carcinoma Treated with Radical H559
- Introduction559
- Patients and Methods559
- Results561
- Discussion564
- Conclusion566
- Chapter 34. The Role of Mitochondria in the Aging Ovary569
- Introduction569
- Mitochondrial DNA569
- Mitochondria and Oogenesis570
- Mitochondria and Reproductive Aging570
- Conclusion573
- Part VIII: Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium and Neoplasia577
- Chapter 35. Development and Differentiation of Ovarian Surface Epithelium: Cues for the Basis of its579
- Abstract579
- Introduction579
- Embryonic Development579
- Differentiation in the Adult582
- Conclusion586
- Chapter 36. Ovarian Carcinogenesis591
- Abstract591
- Introduction591
- The Ovarian Surface Epithelium591
- Etiology of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer592
- Malignant Transformation of Normal Ovarian Surface Epithelium599
- Experimental Models to Study Ovarian Surface Epithelium Cell Transformation and Ovarian Cancer600
- Conclusion602
- Chapter 37. The Role of X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein in Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer613
- Introduction613
- Mechanisms of Chemoresistance613
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein614
- Interactions Between XIAP and Cellular Signaling Pathways615
- The PI3K/Akt Pathway616
- Physiologic Role of PI3-K/Akt Signaling617
- PI3-K /Akt Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Chemoresistance617
- Regulation of Akt Signaling By XIAP618
- Akt, P53, and Chemoresistance619
- The Future620
- Conclusion620
- Chapter 38.Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Progression of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer625
- Introduction625
- Cell of Origin for Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancers625
- Clonal Origin of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer626
- Alterations in Chromosomal DNA Involving Multiple Genes626
- Alterations in Gene Expression626
- Loss of Heterozygosity at Different Loci627
- Tumor Suppressor Genes627
- Oncogenes629
- Cell Cycle Regulation631
- Telomerase633
- Autocrine and Paracrine Growth Regulation634
- Motility, Adhesion, and Invasion635
- Angiogenesis637
- Conclusion637
- Index647
- Color Plate Section665
This second edition of The Ovary incorporates the dramatic research developments regarding the ovarian life cycle within the past decade.
It looks at ovarian function from a detailed molecular and cellular level. The updated chapters, along with the new material, represent an unparalleled compilation of chapters relevant to contemporary ovarian physiology. The book is divided into 8 sections: The Ovarian Follicular Apparatus: Operational Characteristics; Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation; The Corpus Luteum; Putative Intraovarian Regulators; Cyclic Ovarian Cell Death; Novel Experimental Models; Human Ovarian Pathophysiology: Select Aspects; and Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium and Neoplasia.
* Addresses all phases of the ovarian life cycle
* New information includes the latest developments
in ovarian surface epithelium
* Contains 38 in-depth chapters
It looks at ovarian function from a detailed molecular and cellular level. The updated chapters, along with the new material, represent an unparalleled compilation of chapters relevant to contemporary ovarian physiology. The book is divided into 8 sections: The Ovarian Follicular Apparatus: Operational Characteristics; Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation; The Corpus Luteum; Putative Intraovarian Regulators; Cyclic Ovarian Cell Death; Novel Experimental Models; Human Ovarian Pathophysiology: Select Aspects; and Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium and Neoplasia.
* Addresses all phases of the ovarian life cycle
* New information includes the latest developments
in ovarian surface epithelium
* Contains 38 in-depth chapters