The Theory of Critical Distances: A New Perspective in Fracture Mechanics
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- Nomenclaturexvii
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- 1.1 Stress–Strain Curves2
- 1.2 Failure Mechanisms3
- 1.3 Stress Concentrations6
- 1.4 Elastic Stress Fields for Notches and Cracks8
- 1.5 Fracture Mechanics11
- 1.6 The Failure of Notched Specimens16
- 1.7 Finite Element Analysis17
- 1.8 Concluding Remarks: Limitations and Challenges in Failure Prediction18
- Chapter 2. The Theory of Critical Distances: Basics21
- 2.1 Introduction21
- 2.2 Example 1: Brittle Fracture in a Notched Specimen21
- 2.3 Example 2: Fatigue Failure in an Engineering Component25
- 2.4 Relating the TCD to LEFM26
- 2.5 Finding Values for the Material Constants27
- 2.6 Some Other TCD Methods: The LM, AM and VM28
- 2.7 Example 3: Predicting Size Effects30
- 2.8 Concluding Remarks31
- Chapter 3. The Theory of Critical Distances in Detail33
- 3.1 Introduction34
- 3.2 History34
- 3.3 Related Theories38
- 3.4 What is the TCD? Towards a General Definition47
- Chapter 4. Other Theories of Fracture51
- 4.1 Introduction52
- 4.2 Some Classifications52
- 4.3 Mechanistic Models54
- 4.4 Statistical Models55
- 4.5 Modified Fracture Mechanics55
- 4.6 Plastic-Zone and Process-Zone Theories57
- 4.7 Damage Mechanics59
- 4.8 Concluding Remarks60
- Chapter 5. Ceramics63
- 5.1 Introduction63
- 5.2 Engineering Ceramics64
- 5.3 Building materials84
- 5.4 Geological Materials86
- 5.5 Nanomaterials87
- 5.6 Concluding Remarks89
- Chapter 6. Polymers93
- 6.1 Introduction93
- 6.2 Notches95
- 6.3 Size Effects107
- 6.4 Constraint and the Ductile–Brittle Transition109
- 6.5 Strain Rate and Temperature Effects113
- 6.6 Discussion114
- Chapter 7. Metals119
- 7.1 Introduction119
- 7.2 Predicting Brittle Fracture Using the TCD121
- 7.3 Discussion133
- Chapter 8. Composites141
- 8.1 Introduction142
- 8.2 Early Work on the TCD: Whitney and Nuismer143
- 8.3 Does L Vary with Notch Size?146
- 8.4 Non-damaging Notches151
- 8.5 Practical Applications154
- 8.6 Other Theoretical Models155
- 8.7 Fracture of Bone156
- 8.8 Values of L for Composite Materials158
- 8.9 Concluding Remarks158
- Chapter 9. Fatigue163
- 9.1 Introduction163
- 9.2 Fatigue Limit Predictions167
- 9.3 Finite Life Predictions185
- 9.4 Multiaxial and Variable Amplitude Loading187
- 9.5 Fatigue in Non-Metallic Materials189
- 9.6 Other Recent Theories191
- 9.7 Concluding Remarks192
- Chapter 10. Contact Problems197
- 10.1 Introduction197
- 10.2 Contact Situations198
- 10.3 Contact Stress Fields198
- 10.4 Fretting Fatigue201
- 10.5 Other Contact-Related Failure Modes: Opportunities for the TCD206
- Chapter 11. Multiaxial Loading213
- 11.1 Introduction213
- 11.2 A Simplified View214
- 11.3 Material Response: The Factor †p215
- 11.4 Cracked Bodies: The Factor †c219
- 11.5 Applying the TCD to Multiaxial Failure220
- 11.6 Multiaxial Brittle Fracture220
- 11.7 Multiaxial Fatigue222
- 11.8 Size Effects in Multiaxial Failure224
- 11.9 Out-of-Plane Shear230
- 11.10 Contact Problems232
- 11.11 Concluding Remarks232
- Chapter 12. Case Studies and Practical Aspects235
- 12.1 Introduction235
- 12.2 An Automotive Crankshaft236
- 12.3 A Vehicle Suspension Arm238
- 12.4 Failure Analysis of a Marine Component240
- 12.5 A Component Feature: Angled Holes243
- 12.6 Welded Joints244
- 12.7 Other Joints247
- 12.8 Three-Dimensional Stress Concentrations250
- 12.9 Size Effects and Microscopic Components253
- 12.10 Simplified Models256
- 12.11 Concluding Remarks257
- Chapter 13. Theoretical Aspects261
- 13.1 Introduction261
- 13.2 What Is the TCD?262
- 13.3 Why Does the TCD Work?263
- 13.4 The TCD and Other Fracture Theories265
- 13.5 Values of L270
- 13.6 The Value of σo/σu271
- 13.7 The Range and Limitations of the TCD272
- 13.8 Concluding Remarks274
- Author Index277
- Subject Index281
Critical distance methods are extremely useful for predicting fracture and fatigue in engineering components. They also represent an important development in the theory of fracture mechanics. Despite being in use for over fifty years in some fields, there has never been a book about these methods – until now.
So why now? Because the increasing use of computer-aided stress analysis (by FEA and other techniques) has made these methods extremely easy to use in practical situations. This is turn has prompted researchers to re-examine the underlying theory with renewed interest.
The book begins with a general introduction to the phenomena of mechanical failure in materials: a basic understanding of solid mechanics and materials engineering is assumed, though appropriate introductory references are provided where necessary. After a simple explanation of how to use critical distance methods, and a more detailed exposition of the methods including their history and classification, the book continues by showing examples of how critical distance approaches can be applied to predict fracture and fatigue in different classes of materials. Subsequent chapters include some more complex theoretical areas, such as multiaxial loading and contact problems, and a range of practical examples using case studies of real engineering components taken from the author’s own consultancy work.
The Theory of Critical Distances will be of interest to a range of readers, from academic researchers concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject, to industrial engineers who wish to incorporate the method into modern computer-aided design and analysis.
* Comprehensive collection of published data, plus new data from the author's own laboratories
* A simple 'how-to-do-it' exposition of the method, plus examples and case studies
* Detailed theoretical treatment
* Covers all classes of materials: metals, polymers, ceramics and composites
* Includes fracture, fatigue, fretting, size effects and multiaxial loading
So why now? Because the increasing use of computer-aided stress analysis (by FEA and other techniques) has made these methods extremely easy to use in practical situations. This is turn has prompted researchers to re-examine the underlying theory with renewed interest.
The book begins with a general introduction to the phenomena of mechanical failure in materials: a basic understanding of solid mechanics and materials engineering is assumed, though appropriate introductory references are provided where necessary. After a simple explanation of how to use critical distance methods, and a more detailed exposition of the methods including their history and classification, the book continues by showing examples of how critical distance approaches can be applied to predict fracture and fatigue in different classes of materials. Subsequent chapters include some more complex theoretical areas, such as multiaxial loading and contact problems, and a range of practical examples using case studies of real engineering components taken from the author’s own consultancy work.
The Theory of Critical Distances will be of interest to a range of readers, from academic researchers concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject, to industrial engineers who wish to incorporate the method into modern computer-aided design and analysis.
* Comprehensive collection of published data, plus new data from the author's own laboratories
* A simple 'how-to-do-it' exposition of the method, plus examples and case studies
* Detailed theoretical treatment
* Covers all classes of materials: metals, polymers, ceramics and composites
* Includes fracture, fatigue, fretting, size effects and multiaxial loading