Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Prefacex
- Acknowledgementsxiv
- Publisher's Creditsxv
- Part I: Basic Concepts1
- Chapter 1. Composition, Structure, and State1
- 1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere3
- 1.2 Composition of the Ocean5
- 1.3 Pressure6
- 1.4 Density8
- 1.5 Temperature10
- 1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas13
- 1.7 Equation of State for Air18
- 1.8 Equation of State for Seawater21
- 1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients23
- 1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium26
- Notes32
- Problems32
- Chapter 2. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics35
- 2.1 Work35
- 2.2 Heat38
- 2.3 First Law39
- 2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases44
- 2.5 Entropy48
- 2.6 Second Law52
- 2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws55
- 2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations57
- 2.9 Heat Capacity59
- 2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere65
- 2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean68
- Notes71
- Problems71
- Chapter 3. Transfer Processes74
- 3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics74
- 3.2 Radiant Energy76
- 3.3 Radiative Transfer81
- 3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes85
- 3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport89
- 3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere92
- Notes94
- Problems94
- Chapter 4. Thermodynamics of Water96
- 4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water96
- 4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom100
- 4.3 Phase Equilibria104
- 4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables112
- 4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions115
- 4.6 Simple Eutectics123
- Notes126
- Problems127
- Chapter 5. Nucleation and Diffusional Growth129
- 5.1 Surface Tension129
- 5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase131
- 5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase140
- 5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops142
- 5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth149
- 5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover151
- 5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones154
- Notes156
- Problems156
- Part II: Applications159
- Chapter 6. Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere159
- 6.1 Combined First and Second Laws160
- 6.2 Isobaric Cooling163
- 6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water168
- 6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing170
- 6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling172
- 6.6 The Ice Phase179
- 6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables181
- 6.8 Aerological Diagrams185
- Notes189
- Problems189
- Chapter 7. Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean191
- 7.1 Stability Criteria191
- 7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere196
- 7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability200
- Notes204
- Problems204
- Chapter 8. Cloud Characteristics and Processes206
- 8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics207
- 8.2 Precipitation Processes209
- 8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere220
- 8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds230
- 8.5 Cumuliform Clouds236
- 8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes241
- Notes244
- Problems245
- Chapter 9. Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater247
- 9.1 Ocean Surface Energy Budget247
- 9.2 Ocean Surface Salinity Budget257
- 9.3 Ocean Surface Buoyancy Flux260
- 9.4 Air Mass and Upper Water Mass Modification262
- Notes265
- Problems265
- Chapter 10. Sea Ice, Snow and Glaciers267
- 10.1 Large-scale Morphology of Sea Ice267
- 10.2 Ice Thickness Distribution271
- 10.3 Evolution of the Salinity Profile in Sea Ice273
- 10.4 Thermal Properties of Sea Ice276
- 10.5 Optical Properties of Sea Ice and Snow279
- 10.6 Surface Energy Balance over Snow and Sea Ice282
- 10.7 Growth and Decay of Sea Ice285
- 10.8 Metamorphosis of Surface Snow291
- 10.9 Glaciers293
- Notes296
- Problems297
- Chapter 11. Thermohaline Processes in the Ocean299
- 11.1 Radiative Transfer in the Ocean299
- 11.2 Skin Temperature and the Diffusive Surface Layer301
- 11.3 Surface Density Changes and the Ocean Mixed Layer302
- 11.4 Instability and Mixing in the Ocean Interior309
- 11.5 Oceanic Convection and Deep Water Formation318
- 11.6 Global Thermohaline Circulations324
- Notes329
- Problems329
- Part III: Special Topics331
- Chapter 12. Global Energy and Entropy Balances331
- 12.1 Planetary Radiation Balance331
- 12.2 Global Heat Engine337
- 12.3 Entropy and Climate342
- 12.4 Global Hydrologic Cycle347
- Notes349
- Problems349
- Chapter 13. Thermodynamic Feedbacks in the Climate System351
- 13.1 Introduction to Feedback and Control Systems352
- 13.2 Radiation Climate Sensitivity and Feedbacks354
- 13.3 Water Vapor Feedback358
- 13.4 Cloud-radiation Feedback366
- 13.5 Snow/Ice-albedo Feedback374
- 13.6 Thermodynamic Control of the Tropical Ocean Warm Pool378
- 13.7 High-latitude Ocean Feedbacks383
- Notes385
- Chapter 14. Planetary Atmospheres386
- 14.1 Atmospheric Composition and Mass386
- 14.2 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres393
- 14.3 Planetary Energy Balance403
- 14.4 Water on the Terrestrial Planets411
- 14.5 Cloud Physics of the Terrestrial Planets417
- 14.6 Cloud Physics of the Jovian Planets418
- 14.7 Surface Ice422
- Notes424
- Problems424
- Appendices425
- A. Notation425
- B. Physical Constants437
- C. Units and Their SI Equivalents439
- D. Atmospheric Humidity Tables440
- E. Atmospheric Thermodynamic Chart442
- F. Properties of Seawater444
- Answers to Selected Problems446
- References450
- Index456
- International Geophysics Series469
Atmospheric and climatological studies are becoming more and more important in day-to-day living. Winds and ocean current owe their existence to the thermodynamic imbalances that arise from the differential heating of the Earth and air by the sun. Accounting for heat exchanges with the atmosphere and ocean is essential in any predictive model of the ocean and/or atmosphere. Thermodynamic feedback processes in the atmosphere and ocean are critical to understanding the overall stability of the Earth's climate and climate change. Water and its phase changes make the thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean uniquely interesting and challenging.
Written by leading scientists in the field, Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans incorporates all the relevant information from the varying fields of dynamics meteorology, atmospheric physics and cloud physics, into a comprehensive, self-contained guide ideal for students and researchers of atmospheric thermodynamics. At the moment, courses in atmospheric thermdynamics typically have to use one or two chapters in textbooks on dynamic meteorology, atmospheric physics or cloud physics. This book combines these topics in one text.
Written by leading scientists in the field, Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans incorporates all the relevant information from the varying fields of dynamics meteorology, atmospheric physics and cloud physics, into a comprehensive, self-contained guide ideal for students and researchers of atmospheric thermodynamics. At the moment, courses in atmospheric thermdynamics typically have to use one or two chapters in textbooks on dynamic meteorology, atmospheric physics or cloud physics. This book combines these topics in one text.