Elsevier S & T

Tinnitus: Pathophysiology and Treatment: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Moller, Aage R.; Langguth, Berthold; Hajak, Goran; Kleinjung, Tobias; Cacace, Anthony

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Table of contents

Cover
Contentsv
List of contributorsxi
Forewordxv
Prefacexvii
Section I: Introduction1
Chapter 1. Tinnitus: presence and future3
Introduction3
Characteristics of subjective tinnitus4
Prevalence of subjective tinnitus5
Cause of tinnitus6
Change in the function of the central nervous system6
Anatomical location of the abnormality that cause the sensation of tinnitus7
Risk factors for tinnitus9
Treatment of tinnitus10
Clinical trials for treatment of tinnitus12
Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system13
Future13
Conclusion13
Abbreviations14
References14
Section II: Pathophysiology17
Chapter 2. Pathophysiology of tinnitus19
Introduction19
Tinnitus inducing agents: etiology23
Putative neural correlates of tinnitus23
Morphological and anatomical correlates of noise trauma23
Pathophysiology: from ion channel to global brain changes24
Tonotopic map changes30
What is the neural correlate of tinnitus?30
Abbreviations31
Acknowledgements31
References31
Chapter 3. The role of neural plasticity in tinnitus37
Introduction37
Re-organization of the cerebral cortex39
Anatomical location of the physiological abnormality that causes tinnitus39
Re-routing of information40
Involvement of the non-classical auditory pathways in tinnitus40
Neural plasticity and treatment43
Conclusion44
Abbreviations44
References44
Chapter 4. Tinnitus and pain47
Introduction47
Characteristics of tinnitus and central neuropathic pain48
Pathophysiology of tinnitus and pain48
Treatment of pain and tinnitus51
Abbreviations52
References52
Chapter 5. The Darwinian plasticity hypothesis for tinnitus and pain55
Introduction55
Darwinian hypothesis of neural plasticity56
Basis for the Darwinian hypothesis57
Conclusion59
Acknowledgments and financial disclosure59
References59
Chapter 6. The relevance of spontaneous activity for the coding of the tinnitus sensation61
Introduction61
Tinnitus and variants of spontaneous activity63
Concluding remarks and a model proposal66
Abbreviations69
Acknowledgments69
References69
Chapter 7. Applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to tinnitus research: initial data, curre71
Introduction71
Methods73
Results75
Discussion75
Conclusion79
Abbreviations79
Acknowledgments79
References79
Chapter 8. Functional imaging of chronic tinnitus: the use of positron emission tomography83
Introduction83
Different PET-applications84
Studies using [15O]-H2O PET84
Studies using FDG–PET85
PET for neurobiological subtyping of tinnitus patients85
Conclusion87
Abbreviations87
References87
Chapter 9. The dorsal cochlear nucleus as a contributor to tinnitus: mechanisms underlying the induc89
Introduction89
The DCN as a contributor to tinnitus90
The importance of higher auditory centers in tinnitus92
Mechanisms underlying the emergence of hyperactivity in the DCN93
Summary and conclusions101
Acknowledgments101
References101
Chapter 10. Neural mechanisms underlying somatic tinnitus107
Introduction: somatic tinnitus107
Anatomical substrates of somatic tinnitus108
Physiological substrates of somatic tinnitus113
Abbreviations120
Acknowledgments121
References121
Chapter 11. Neural network models of tinnitus125
Introduction125
A primer on modeling126
Advantages in modeling the generation of tinnitus127
Review of tinnitus models128
Challenges of modeling tinnitus131
Proposed neural network model of tinnitus133
Conclusion137
Abbreviations137
Acknowledgments137
References137
Chapter 12. Salicylate-induced tinnitus: molecular mechanisms and modulation by anxiety141
Introduction141
Advantages of salicylate-induced tinnitus as a model142
Peripheral tinnitus: pathology of the cochlear sensory cell synapse142
Central modulation of peripheral tinnitus144
Conclusions and perspective: from animal model to therapeutic strategies145
References145
Chapter 13. Behavioral measures of tinnitus in laboratory animals147
Introduction147
Jastreboff et al.’s conditioned lick suppression procedures149
Bauer/Brozoski’s conditioned lever pressing/suppression procedure150
Guitton et al.’s conditioned pole jumping avoidance procedures151
Ruttiger et al.’s conditioned liquid reward procedures151
Lobarinas/Salvi et al.’s conditioned polydipsia suppression procedure152
Heffner et al.’s conditioned Two-Choice Left/Right Procedure152
Moody’s proposed approach153
Turner et al.’s unconditioned gap detection startle reflex procedure154
Conclusions155
Acknowledgments156
References156
Section III: Epidemiology157
Chapter 14. Genetics of chronic tinnitus159
Introduction159
History160
Current strategies160
Implications and outlook164
Abbreviations165
References165
Chapter 15. Hyperacusis, sound annoyance, and loudness hypersensitivity in children169
Introduction169
Methods170
Results171
Discussion173
Loudness discomfort levels173
Mechanism of hyperacusis174
Hyperacusis and tinnitus174
Conclusion176
Acknowledgments176
Appendix 1: Parent’s questionnaire177
Appendix 2: Children’s interview177
References177
Chapter 16. Tinnitus in children and associated risk factors179
Introduction179
Methods180
Selection criteria180
Procedure181
Data collection and design181
Data analysis182
Statistical analysis182
Results182
Discussion185
Prevalence186
Risk factors associated with tinnitus sensation and suffering187
Conclusion189
Acknowledgments189
References189
Section IV: Diagnosis and Evaluation of Tinnitus193
Chapter 17. Evidence for a tinnitus subgroup responsive to somatosensory based treatment modalities195
Introduction195
The somatosensory system and tinnitus196
Somatic modulation of tinnitus196
Somatic tinnitus syndrome198
Dorsal cochlear nucleus inhibition hypothesis200
Why somatosensory projections to the dorsal cochlear nucleus?201
Tinnitus treatments utilizing somatosensory-auditory interactions202
Characteristics of responders to somatosensory treatments202
Conclusions205
Abbreviations206
Acknowledgments206
References206
Chapter 18. Myofascial trigger points: another way of modulating tinnitus209
Introduction209
Prevalence of MTPs in tinnitus patients210
Lateralization of tinnitus and MTPs210
Modulation of tinnitus by MTPs211
Similarities between tinnitus and pain211
MTP evaluation212
Conclusion213
Abbreviations213
References213
Chapter 19. Assessment of temporomandibular and cervical spine disorders in tinnitus patients215
Introduction215
Results215
Ménière’s disease216
Abbreviations219
References219
Chapter 20. Tinnitus severity, depression, and the big five personality traits221
Introduction221
Methods222
Results222
Discussion223
Conclusions224
Abbreviations224
Acknowledgments224
References224
Chapter 21. Tinnitus and insomnia227
Introduction227
Characteristics of sleep in individuals with tinnitus228
Methods and patient selection228
Results229
Discussion229
Therapy of tinnitus and sleep disorder230
Conclusion232
Abbreviations232
References232
Section V: Treatment235
Chapter 22. Tinnitus treatment – state of the art237
Introduction237
My current tinnitus model238
Assessment at the initial consultation240
Treatments at the initial consultation241
Written report244
Follow-up244
Repeat referral244
Referral to an audiological tinnitus clinic245
Subsequent ‘‘on referral’’245
Support groups245
Desperate tinnitus patients245
The future246
References246
Part A. Drug Treatment247
Chapter 23. Drug treatments for tinnitus249
Introduction249
Intratympanic drug treatment250
Intravenous lidocaine251
Osmotic regulators and vasodilators252
Benzodiazepines252
Non-benzodiazepine anticonvulsant drugs252
Antispasticity drugs254
NMDA receptor antagonists254
Antidepressants254
Anticholinergic drugs254
Other drug treatments256
Conclusions: problems and opportunities256
Acknowledgements258
References258
Chapter 24. Antidepressants for treatment of tinnitus263
Introduction263
Antidepressants that cause tinnitus264
Antidepressants that may benefit tinnitus265
Mechanisms of action for antidepressants causing tinnitus268
Mechanisms of action for treating tinnitus with antidepressants269
Conclusions269
Abbreviations270
Acknowledgments270
References270
Chapter 25. Treatment of tinnitus with acamprosate273
Introduction273
Acamprosate274
Results275
Discussion275
Conclusion276
Acknowledgments276
References276
Chapter 26. Zinc as a possible treatment for tinnitus279
Introduction279
Zinc deficiency280
Zinc deficiency among tinnitus patients280
Anatomical location of the influence of zinc on tinnitus281
Evaluation of zinc for treatment of tinnitus282
Administration of zinc282
Concluding remarks and future perspectives283
Acknowledgment284
References284
Chapter 27. Gabapentin287
Introduction287
Treatment of tinnitus with GABAergic drugs288
Mechanisms of action of gabapentin and vigabatrin288
An animal model of tinnitus and the effect of GABAergic drugs289
Controlled trials of gabapentin and tinnitus295
Challenges in studying tinnitus297
Acknowledgments300
References300
Chapter 28. Lidocaine: neurobiological targets and effects on the auditory system303
Introduction303
General use and clinical properties of lidocaine303
Chemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of lidocaine304
Therapeutic studies and clinical concentrations in relation to molecular targets of lidocaine305
Site of action of lidocaine in the suppression of tinnitus305
Brain imaging studies/central site of action306
Cochlear site of action307
Effect of lidocaine on ion channels and receptors309
Comments on other local anesthetics315
Conclusions and possible directions for future research315
Abbreviations316
Acknowledgments316
References316
Chapter 29. Antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, and herbal remedies in tinnitus therapy323
Introduction323
Vitamins and minerals324
Antioxidants325
Herbal medications325
Conclusions326
Abbreviations327
References327
Chapter 30. Melatonin331
Description of melatonin331
Clinical studies331
Conclusions333
Abbreviations333
References333
Chapter 31. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of somatic tinnitus335
Introduction335
Somatic tinnitus335
Botulinum toxin type A336
Botulinum toxin in treatment of tinnitus336
Conclusions337
Abbreviations337
References337
Part B. Hearing Devices339
Chapter 32. Hearing aids for the treatment of tinnitus341
Introduction341
Neurophysiological rationales for using hearing aids342
The hearing aid as an instrument for the treatment of tinnitus343
Acknowledgment344
References344
Chapter 33. Cochlear implants and tinnitus347
Introduction347
The prevalence of tinnitus in cochlear implant candidates347
Effect of surgery348
Effect of use of monaural intra-cochlear devices348
Optimization350
New developments351
Conclusions353
Acknowledgment353
References353
Part C. Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation357
Chapter 34. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment of chronic tinnitus: clinical effe359
Transcranial magnetic stimulation359
Rationale for the use of rTMS in treatment of tinnitus360
Conclusion365
Abbreviations365
References365
Chapter 35. TMS for treatment of chronic tinnitus - neurobiological effects369
Introduction369
Materials and methods370
Results372
Discussion372
Abbreviations373
References373
Chapter 36. Electrical stimulation of auditory and somatosensory cortices for treatment of tinnitus377
Introduction377
Methods and materials378
Results381
Discussion386
Conclusion387
Abbreviations387
Acknowledgments387
References387
Chapter 37. Trans-electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for somatic tinnitus389
Introduction389
Materials and methods391
Results392
Discussion393
Conclusions393
Abbreviations393
References393
Part D. Surgical Treatment395
Chapter 38. Microvascular decompression operations397
Introduction397
MVD for tinnitus398
Discussion399
Abbreviations399
References400
Chapter 39. Tinnitus in vascular conflict of the eighth cranial nerve: a surgical pathophysiological401
Introduction402
Materials and methods404
Results405
Discussion408
Conclusion410
Abbreviations410
References410
Part E. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy413
Chapter 40. Tinnitus retraining therapy415
Introduction415
Discordant damage of outer and inner hair cells416
Physiologic aspects of suffering from tinnitus417
Development of tinnitus418
Physiological basis for TRT420
Conclusion422
Abbreviations422
References422
Chapter 41. Tinnitus activities treatment425
Background425
Activities therapy425
Selection of which of the four activities to administer426
Thoughts and emotions426
Sleep428
Improving hearing and communication429
Concentration431
Conclusion432
Acknowledgments432
Appendix: Iowa Tinnitus Activities Questionnaire433
References434
Chapter 42. Sound therapies for tinnitus management435
Introduction435
Silence-induced tinnitus435
Effect of tinnitus on non-auditory systems of the brain436
Sound as a treatment for tinnitus436
Different sounds used in treatment of tinnitus437
Masking438
Desensitization438
Tinnitus retraining therapy438
Conclusion439
References439
Chapter 43. Object identification and attention training for treating tinnitus441
Introduction441
Methods447
Auditory/Visual Discriminate Reaction Time Test448
Results450
Discussion456
Conclusion458
Abbreviations458
Acknowledgments458
References458
Chapter 44. Extinction training for tinnitus461
Introduction461
Main objectives463
Study design464
Conclusion465
Acknowledgments465
References465
Chapter 45. Auditory discrimination therapy (ADT) for tinnitus management467
Introduction467
Materials and methods468
Results469
Discussion469
Abbreviations471
References471
Chapter 46. Neurofeedback for treating tinnitus473
Tinnitus in relation to abnormal oscillatory brain activity?473
Neurofeedback: background and previous application475
Effects of a specific tau/delta neurofeedback training476
Neurofeedback in the future: notions and suggestions for improvement481
Summary483
Abbreviations483
Acknowledgments483
References483
Chapter 47 Residual inhibition487
Introduction487
Psychoacoustic properties of tinnitus, masking, and RI488
Transcranial magnetic stimulation493
Future questions494
Abbreviations494
Acknowledgments494
References494
Section VI: Assessments of Treatment Results497
Chapter 48. Clinical trials for tinnitus: study populations, designs, measurement variables, and dat499
Study population499
Crossover or parallel groups500
Choice of measurement variables501
Data analysis505
Acknowledgments508
References508
Chapter 49. Assessment of tinnitus: measurement of treatment outcomes511
The need for standardized tinnitus measures511
Evidence-based management of tinnitus: what has been achieved so far512
What measurement science can teach us: discriminative vs. evaluative measures514
Effect size: an important parameter for outcome measures514
Applying questionnaire design criteria: an illustrative example516
Other issues in designing efficient instruments for tinnitus assessment518
Acknowledgments519
References519
Appendix523
Chapter 50. Consensus for tinnitus patient assessment and treatment outcome measurement: Tinnitus Re525
Introduction526
Consensus for diagnosis and assessment526
Acknowledgements536
References536
Subject Index537
Color Plate Section543

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780444531674
ISBN-13 9780080554464
Author Moller, Aage R.; Langguth, Berthold; Hajak, Goran; Kleinjung, Tobias; Cacace, Anthony
Category Medical
Subject Neuroscience

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Understanding tinnitus and treating patients with tinnitus must involve many disciplines of basic science and clinical practice. The book provides comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics related to tinnitus including its pathophysiology, etiology and treatment. The chapters are written by researchers and clinicians who are active in the areas of basic science such as neurophysiology and neuroanatomy and in clinical specialties of psychology, psychiatry, audiology and otolaryngology.

* Comprehensive coverage of the pathology and cause of tinnitus including genetics
* Hyperacusis, phonophobia and other abnormalities in perception of sounds
* The role of neural plasticity in tinnitus

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