Toxicology
Regular price
112.750 KD
inc. VAT
Couldn't load pickup availability
Table of contents
- Cover
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxv
- Prefacexix
- Introduction1
- Paracelsus to Parascience: The Dose/Trace Makes the Poison1
- Even Rachel Carson Was Made of Chemicals: Natural versus Synthetic Chemicals2
- Errors of Omission: Toxicity of Insufficient Micronutrients4
- Damage by Distraction: Regulating Low Hypothetical Risks6
- PART I: FUNDAMENTALS9
- Chapter 1. History of Toxicology11
- Toxicology„The Science of Poison11
- Early Fundamental Developments12
- From Alchemy to the Development of a Pure Science13
- Academic Qualification and the Practical Application of Toxicological Knowledge at the Beginning of14
- Chemistry and the Chemical Industry in the Nineteenth Century16
- Substance Effects„Uses and Limits18
- The Scope of Toxicology in Historic Terms22
- Chapter 2. Biostatistics in Toxicology25
- Principles25
- Acute Toxicity29
- Chronic Toxicity30
- Reproductive Toxicology35
- Mutagenicity Studies36
- Carcinogenicity Studies38
- Biostatistics in Regulatory Toxicology40
- Chapter 3. Principles of Toxicokinetics43
- Introductory Remarks43
- Principal Kinetic Parameters44
- Kinetic Models58
- Kinetic Principles of Drug Dosing61
- Nonlinear Kinetics65
- Stereoselective Kinetics67
- Variability of Kinetic Parameters69
- Species Differences in Kinetics76
- Chapter 4. Xenobiotic Metabolism83
- Introduction83
- Classification of Xenobiotic- Metabolizing Enzymes84
- Characterization of Individual Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes86
- Factors Influencing Xenobiotic Metabolism104
- Chapter 5. Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species111
- Introduction111
- What are Free Radicals?111
- Oxygen Free Radicals and Nonradical Reactive Oxygen Species111
- Organic Free Radicals114
- Biological Effects of Free Radicals117
- Cellular Defence Mechanisms against Free Radicals122
- Conclusion124
- Chapter 6. Genetic Toxicology127
- Introduction127
- Basic Genetic Mechanisms128
- DNA Alterations Resulting in Genotoxic Effects in Cells129
- Relationship of Genotoxic Damage to Toxicity135
- Genetic Toxicology Testing Strategies and Data Evaluation137
- Considerations for Assay Selection138
- Data Analysis and Interpretation140
- Genetic Risk Assessments141
- Extrapolation of Somatic Cell Responses to Germ Cells142
- New Technology and its Place in Genetic Testing142
- Conclusion147
- Chapter 7. Chemical Carcinogenesis151
- Introduction151
- Historic Review153
- Chemical Carcinogens„Structure and Function154
- Metabolic Activation166
- Mechanisms of Action167
- Conclusion178
- Chapter 8. Tumor Promotion179
- Stages of Carcinogenesis179
- Relation Between Tumor Promoters and Nongenotoxic Carcinogens183
- Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects184
- Tumor Promotion in Specific Organs188
- Testing and Risk Assessment of Tumor Promoters213
- Chapter 9. Transgenic Rodent Models217
- Introduction217
- General Methods for Development of Transgenic Model Systems218
- Transgenic Models for Mutagenesis222
- Transgenic Models in the Identification of Carcinogens224
- Transgenic Models to Address Other Issues in Toxicology227
- Future Directions228
- Chapter 10. Receptor Toxicology231
- Transcription Factors as the Cellular Targets of Toxins231
- Conditional Cellular Response to a Challenge by a Toxin231
- Consequences of Toxin-Induced Cellular Signaling241
- Chapter 11. Mechanisms of Toxicity Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)245
- Introduction245
- Discovery of Programmed Cell Death245
- Programmed Cell Death in Physiological and Pathological Processes246
- Morphology and Biochemistry of Programmed Cell Death247
- Intracellular Apoptosis Pathways249
- Concluding Remarks255
- Chapter 12. Mixtures257
- Basic Concepts of Combined Action of Chemicals257
- Experimental Approaches for Mixture Studies259
- Examples from the Environment261
- Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures266
- Conclusion269
- PART II: ORGAN TOXICITY271
- Chapter 13. The Liver273
- Morphology and Function of the Liver273
- Classification of Hepatotoxic Substances276
- Manifestations of Liver Injury279
- Chapter 14. The Kidney297
- Glomerular Structure297
- Renal Tubule Structure300
- Glomerular Function301
- Tubule Function302
- Pathophysiology303
- Biotransformation and Nephrotoxicity305
- Nephrotoxic Compounds306
- Chapter 15. Respiratory Tract331
- The Lung as a Target Organ for Inhaled Toxic Materials331
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Airborne Materials333
- Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract335
- Lung Function Tests and Bronchoalveolar Lavage338
- Uptake and Elimination Of Xenobiotics339
- Pathobiology of the Respiratory Tract342
- Exposure Techniques346
- Summary346
- Chapter 16. Blood and Blood-Forming Organs349
- Introduction349
- Fundamentals of Hematopoiesis349
- Toxic Actions on the Bone Marrow351
- Toxic Actions on Granulocytes353
- Toxic Actions on Erythrocytes354
- Toxic Actions on Thrombocytes367
- Toxic Actions on Hemostasis368
- Chapter 17. Immune System371
- Introduction371
- Basic Functions of the Immune System375
- Examples of Alterations of Immunological Components and Functions397
- Methods for Assessing Effects on the Immune System420
- Predictive Power of Animal Data for Assessing Risk433
- Chapter 18. Skin439
- Introduction439
- Relevant Anatomy and Physiology440
- Adnexial Appendages443
- Percutaneous Absorption and Penetration445
- Experimental Techniques Used to Assess Absorption450
- Conclusion455
- Chapter 19. The Eye459
- Anatomy of the Eyeball459
- Acute Toxicity459
- Eye Irritants461
- Chapter 20. Nervous System463
- Functions of the Nervous System463
- The Nervous System as a Target for Toxic Chemicals464
- Acute and Chronic Neurotoxic Effects467
- Functional Effects467
- Structural Injuries468
- Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity470
- Assessment of Neurotoxicity472
- Neurotoxic Substances479
- Chapter 21. Reproduction and Development491
- Introduction491
- Reproductive Toxicity503
- Developmental Toxicity511
- Risk Assessment and Preventive Hazard Minimization552
- Chapter 22. Endocrine System„Adrenal Cortex, Thyroid, and Pancreas559
- Introduction559
- Endocrine Modulation560
- Adrenal Cortex561
- Thyroid Gland564
- Pancreas (Endocrine)567
- Chapter 23. Gastrointestinal Tract573
- Physiology573
- Pathophysiological Impacts on Gastrointestinal Functions577
- Selected Groups of Toxic Substances579
- Tumors in the Gastrointestinal Tract580
- Effects of Food and Luminal Factors583
- Chapter 24. Cardiovascular System587
- Introduction587
- Cardiac Toxins587
- Vascular Toxins594
- Treatment and Conclusions597
- PART III: TOXICOLOGY OF COMPOUNDS601
- Chapter 25. Hydrocarbons603
- Introduction603
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons603
- Aliphatic Hydrocarbons624
- Chapter 26. Halogenated Hydrocarbons645
- Introduction645
- Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)646
- Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)647
- Tetrachloroethene (Tetrachloroethylene/ Perchloroethylene)650
- 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform) and 1,1,2- Trichloroethane651
- Further Examples of Halogenated Solvents652
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)654
- Miscellaneous Halogenated Substances654
- Chapter 27. Fluorocarbons659
- Introduction659
- Ozone Depletion and Chlorine659
- Physical and Chemical Properties660
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion660
- Acute and Subchronic- Chronic Toxicology660
- Developmental and Genetic Toxicology662
- Human Exposure662
- Chapter 28. Pesticides663
- Introduction663
- Fundamentals of Pesticide Toxicity663
- Reproductive and Developmental Effects665
- Carcinogenicity666
- Immunological Effects666
- Classification of Pesticides666
- Future Directions696
- Chapter 29. Dioxin and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Hydrocarbons and Biphenyls699
- Introduction699
- Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans699
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)711
- Chapter 30. Aromatic Amines, Nitroarenes, and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines729
- Aromatic Amines729
- Nitroarenes734
- Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines736
- Chapter 31. N-Nitroso Compounds743
- Occurrence, Chemistry, and Exposure743
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion746
- Metabolism and Mechanisms of Toxicity746
- Nitrosamides746
- Nitrosamines747
- Formation of Adducts748
- Acute and Chronic Toxicity752
- Reproductive Toxicology752
- Mutagenicity753
- Carcinogenicity753
- Dosage in Long-Term Exposure753
- Chapter 32. Metals755
- Principles of Metal Kinetics755
- Aluminum756
- Arsenic760
- Cadmium766
- Copper772
- Lead775
- Nickel787
- Platinum Metals790
- Plutonium793
- Thallium796
- Tin800
- Chapter 33. Gases805
- Introduction805
- Carbon Monoxide806
- Carbon Dioxide811
- Cyanides812
- Hydrogen Sulfide820
- Hydrazoic Acid (Hydrogen Azide)822
- Nitrogen Oxides823
- Ozone828
- Chapter 34. Fibers833
- Introduction833
- Concepts in Fiber Toxicology833
- Studies of Synthetic Vitreous Fibers836
- Organic Fibers844
- Summary848
- Chapter 35. Chemical and Biological Agents851
- Chemical Agents851
- Biological Agents869
- Chapter 36. Active and Passive Smoking879
- Introduction879
- Consumption of Cigarettes881
- Physicochemistry of Tobacco Smoke881
- The Biochemistry of Tobacco Carcinogenesis892
- Aromatic Amines894
- Passive Smoking894
- Summary895
- Chapter 37. Cosmetic Toxicology899
- Introduction899
- Cosmetic Safety Regulation899
- Hair Cosmetics901
- Other Cosmetic Product Categories910
- Cosmetic Ingredients912
- Exposure and Risk Assessment Considerations for Cosmetic Products and Ingredients915
- Ingredient, Toxicology and Product Safety916
- Chapter 38. Polymers919
- Introduction919
- Monomers919
- Polymers930
- Additives and Modifiers931
- Special Aspects934
- Chapter 39. Radiation937
- Introduction937
- Ionizing Radiation937
- Nonionizing Radiation955
- Chapter 40. Natural Compounds959
- Introduction959
- Animal Venoms and Poisons959
- Toxins of Protozoa and Algae971
- Mycotoxins973
- Plant Toxins985
- Chapter 41. Bacterial Toxins1009
- Introduction1009
- Classification of Bacterial Toxins1009
- Agents That Interact with the Plasma Membrane1011
- Intracellularly Acting Toxins1012
- PART IV: APPLICATIONS OF TOXICOLOGY1025
- Chapter 42. Biomonitoring in Occupational Medicine1027
- Introduction1027
- Sources of Biological Material1027
- Quality Assurance in the Analytical Laboratory1028
- Reference Values in the Biological Material1029
- Biological Effect Monitoring1030
- Determinants of Susceptibility to Toxic Influences1036
- Chapter 43. Water1041
- Introduction1041
- Pathways of Exposure Involving Water1041
- By-Products Associated with the Disinfection of Water1042
- Summary1049
- Chapter 44. Risk Assessment in Environmental Remediation1051
- Introduction1051
- History of Environmental Remediation1051
- Risk-Based Remedial Investigations1052
- Risk-Based Cleanup Criteria1057
- Using Risk Assessment to Optimize Remedy Evaluation and Selection1061
- Risk-Based Remediation in Brownfields Redevelopment1064
- Comparing the United States Approaches to those Used in Other Countries1064
- Conclusions1065
- Chapter 45. Ecotoxicology1067
- Introduction1067
- Specific Aspects of Environmental Toxicity1067
- Ecosystems1071
- Pollution of Ecosystem and Fate of Pollutants1074
- Effects of Pollutants„Selected Examples1079
- Methods of Recognizing Ecotoxicity by Pollutants1083
- Chapter 46. Food Toxicology: Legal Aspects1087
- Historical Perspective1087
- Current U.S. Food Law1088
- Conclusion1099
- Chapter 47. Food Compound Related Aspects1103
- Introduction1103
- Toxins Formed by Microbes1103
- Toxic Food Constituents1104
- Food Additives1105
- Food Contaminants1107
- Food-Contact Materials1108
- Treatment and Preparation of Food1109
- Confusion Of Food with Toxic Products and Adulterations1110
- Carcinogenic Substances in Food1111
- Chapter 48. Toxicological Evaluation of Methods for the Registration of Chemicals1115
- General Considerations1116
- Groups of Toxicological Studies1119
- Test Methods1119
- Extrapolation and Correlation of Animal Data1128
- Risk Assessment and Risk Management1128
- Product Safety and Product Stewardship1129
- Chapter 49. In Vitro Methods1131
- Introduction1131
- The Three Rs Concept of Russell and Burch1131
- Validation and Valid Methods1133
- Current Use of in Vitro Methods in Toxicology Testing1133
- Where Do in Vitro Methods Fit?1134
- An Integrated in Vitro and in Vivo Testing Strategy1137
- Chapter 50. Regulatory Toxicology1139
- Introduction1139
- The Scope of Regulatory Toxicology1140
- Procedural Frameworks of Regulation1141
- Regulatory Influences in Toxicology1143
- Risk Assessment, Characterization, and Management1144
- Conclusion1147
- PART V: RISK ASSESSMENT1151
- Chapter 51. Risk Assessment and Preventive Hazard Minimization1153
- Introduction1153
- Toxicological Risk by Human- Made versus Natural Chemicals1155
- Definition of Toxicity, Hazard, and Risk1156
- Toxicological Risk Assessment versus Preventive Hazard Minimization1157
- Pharmacological and Toxicological Principles Relevant to Risk Assessment1161
- Toxicological Risk Assessment from Human Data1165
- Preventive Hazard Minimization from Animal Data1171
- Types of Extrapolation1177
- Special Problems in Certain Fields of Toxicology1180
- Verification of Preclinical Data in Humans1188
- Chapter 52. Toxicity Equivalents and Their Use in Hazard and Risk Assessment1191
- Introduction1191
- Toxicology and Mechanism of Action1191
- Structure–Activity Relationships and Development of Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs)1191
- Use of Toxic Equivalency Factors1192
- Limitations of the Toxic Equivalency Factor Approach for Risk Assessment1193
- PART VI: APPENDIX1199
- Appendix: Threshold Values and Recommendations1201
- General Remarks1201
- Reference Doses1201
- Workplace1206
- Drinking Water1206
- Air1222
- Food1228
- Cosmetics1229
- Soil1229
- Index1231
Toxicology is a comprehensive text for researchers and graduate students in toxicology and public health. It addresses every aspect of the field, starting with the fundamentals and incorporating such areas as organ toxicology, applications, and environmental toxicology. In addition to covering the traditional subject matter of toxicology, special emphasis has been placed on recent areas of interest, such as risk assessment, apoptosis, and methodical developments.
Key Features
* Comprehensive text, covering all aspects of the field of toxicology
* Analyzes the importance of toxicokinetics and metabolism as well as cellular targets for the mechanisms of toxic effects
* Identifies the various classes of chemical compounds responsible for the toxic effects
* Describes the approaches and methods used by various disciplines which investigate toxic effects and their prevention
* Adapted from a very successful German text, this edition is completely revised and expanded
* The text is well illustrated with diagrams, charts, and tables
Key Features
* Comprehensive text, covering all aspects of the field of toxicology
* Analyzes the importance of toxicokinetics and metabolism as well as cellular targets for the mechanisms of toxic effects
* Identifies the various classes of chemical compounds responsible for the toxic effects
* Describes the approaches and methods used by various disciplines which investigate toxic effects and their prevention
* Adapted from a very successful German text, this edition is completely revised and expanded
* The text is well illustrated with diagrams, charts, and tables