Ultrasound and Elastic Waves: Frequently Asked Questions
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- List of Figuresxi
- Prefacexvii
- Acknowledgmentsxxi
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- What is Ultrasonics?1
- How has UT Technology Progressed?1
- What Are Some Current Industrial/Manufacturing Applications of UT?2
- What Are the Major Medical Applications of UT?5
- What Are Some Unique Applications of UT?7
- Chapter 2. Definitions and Background9
- What is a Wave?9
- What are the Quantitative Measures of a Wave?14
- What is Elasticity?17
- What are the Units of Elasticity, Density, and Wavespeed?22
- Chapter 3. Wave Propagation Concepts25
- What are the Types of Elastic Waves?25
- What is a UT Beam?35
- How Does a Propagating Wave Change?40
- Chapter 4. Wave Interactions45
- How Do Two or More Waves Interact?45
- How Does a Wave Interact with a Nonuniform Object?61
- Chapter 5. Hardware: Equipment Concepts65
- Chapter 6. Software: Data Processing85
- What Does Software Do?85
- A. What are the Types of Time-Domain Analyses?86
- B. What Are the Types of Spectral Analysis?101
- C. What Statistical Measurements Are Taken?108
- D. What Is Imaging?117
- Appendix 1. Stress, Strain, and Elasticity (Also Vectors and Tensors)121
- A. Elasticity121
- B. Stress122
- C. Strain128
- D. Alternative Indicial Notation130
- Appendix 2. The Generalized Hooke's Law131
- A. Hooke's Law131
- B. Stiffness in Rotated Axes132
- C. Special Classes of Elastic Materials133
- Appendix 3. States of Stress or Strain in Waves139
- A. States of Uniaxial Stress or Strain139
- B. Uniaxial Stress–Strain Relationships143
- Appendix 4. Balance of Forces and Newton's Law of Inertia147
- A. One-Dimensional System148
- B. Three-Dimensional Systems148
- Appendix 5. Theory of Wave Propagation151
- A. One-Dimensional Systems151
- B. Three–Dimensional Systems154
- C. Wave Excitations155
- Appendix 6. Solutions to the Wave Equations159
- A. Fundamental Solution Types159
- B. Separation of Variables163
- C. Plane Waves in Two or Three Dimensions163
- D. Plane Wave Solutions165
- Appendix 7. Dispersion, Group Velocity169
- A. Wave Propagation in Viscoelastic Media170
- B. Wave Propagation in a Thick Rod171
- C. Bending Waves172
- Appendix 8. Transducer Beam Forming175
- A. Simplified Analysis of Beam Forming175
- B. Analysis of Radial Variation over Beam176
- C. Analysis of Axial Variation of BeamStrength180
- Appendix 9. Solutions for Anisotropy183
- A. Wavespeed184
- B. Material (Particle) Motion and the Principal Directions (Vectors)186
- C. Special Cases187
- D. Group Velocity191
- Appendix 10. Oblique Interactions between Waves and Boundaries195
- A. Oblique Free-Surface Reflection of a Longitudinal Wave195
- B. Oblique Free Surface Reflection of a Transverse Wave198
- C. Refraction (Oblique Transmission) of a Longitudinal or Transverse Wave200
- D. Rayleigh Waves201
- Appendix 11. Lateral Stress and Strain in Rods under Axial Loads205
- A. Simple Approximation for Thin Rods205
- B. The Mindlin–Herrmann Approximation206
- Appendix 12 Bending Waves in Beams and Plates211
- A. Bending of Beams211
- B. Thin Plates217
- Appendix 13 Time-Domain Analysis221
- A. The Hilbert Transform and the Analytic Envelope and Phase221
- B. Time-Domain Signal Conditioning223
- References229
- Index231
Ultrasound has found an increasing number of applications in recent years due to greatly increased computing power. Ultrasound devices are often preferred over other devices because of their lower cost, portability, and non-invasive nature. Patients using ultrasound can avoid the dangers of radiological imaging devices such as x-rays, CT scans, and radioactive media injections. Ultrasound is also a preferred and practical method of detecting material fatique and defects in metals, composites, semiconductors, wood, etc.
Detailed appendices contain useful formulas and their derivations, technical details of relevant theories
The FAQ format is used where a concept in one answer leads to a new Q&A
Detailed appendices contain useful formulas and their derivations, technical details of relevant theories
The FAQ format is used where a concept in one answer leads to a new Q&A