Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Urban Energy Transition: An Introduction1
- PART I: Principles and Drivers15
- Chapter 1 Solar City: Reconnecting Energy Generation and Use to the Technical and Social Logic of So17
- 1.1 No Possible Change within the Conventional Energy System17
- 1.2 Renewable Energies as an Energetic Imperative18
- 1.3 Energy Generation and Energy Use: from Disconnection to Reconnection19
- 1.4 Looking Back to Look Forward22
- 1.5 From Global Energy Supply to the City as Power Station24
- References26
- Chapter 2 Undoing Atmospheric Harm: Civil Action to Shrink the Carbon Footprint27
- 2.1 Changing the Sky28
- 2.2 Carbon Emission Allocations Under an Equity Consideration34
- 2.3 Impact of US (In)Action on Climate Sustainability and Carbon Equity36
- 2.4 American Civil Society in Revolt: Breaking Ranks with the National Government37
- 2.5 Toward a Grassroots Politics of Climate Sustainability45
- 2.6 Civil Strategy to Decarbonize the Human Footprint47
- References48
- Chapter 3 Urbanization, Increasing Wealth and Energy Transitions: Comparing Experiences between the55
- 3.1 Introduction55
- 3.2 Background: Linkage between Development, Urbanization and Energy Transitions57
- 3.3 Data and Analysis62
- 3.4 Comparison of Urbanization Trends: USA, Japan and Rapidly Developing Asia-Pacific Economies65
- 3.5 Comparisons of the Energy Transitions: USA, Japan and Rapidly Developing Asian Economies68
- 3.6 Discussion77
- 3.7 Qualifications84
- 3.8 Conclusions85
- Acknowledgements86
- References86
- Chapter 4 Direct versus Embodied Energy – The Need for Urban Lifestyle Transitions91
- 4.1 Introduction: What is Embodied Energy?91
- 4.2 Embodied Energy – An International Perspective92
- 4.3 Sydney – A Case Study103
- 4.4 Conclusions: Technological vs Lifestyle Transition114
- Acknowledgements116
- References116
- Chapter 5 Energy Development and Sustainable Monetary Systems121
- 5.1 Introduction121
- 5.2 Plugging the Economic Drains from an Urban Precinct124
- 5.3 Establishing Self-Financing, Self-Governing Precincts126
- 5.4 Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Dollars130
- 5.5 Designing a Local Real Monetary System133
- 5.6 Governance of Sustainable Urban Communities136
- References139
- PART II: Policy and Practice Dynamics141
- Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Policymaking in New York and London: Lessons for other 'World Cities'?143
- 6.1 Introduction143
- 6.2 Urban Renewables Policymaking: What Role for Cities?144
- 6.3 London – A Strategic Vision on Renewable Energy Supply and Use146
- 6.4 Key Influences on London's Energy Policy151
- 6.5 New York City – A Comprehensive but Less Renewables-Focused Energy Path154
- 6.6 Key Influences on Energy Policymaking in New York City159
- 6.7 Distilling Policymaking Lessons for Other Cities163
- References169
- Chapter 7 Climate Change and Cities: The Making of a Climate Friendly Future173
- 7.1 Examining the Connections173
- 7.2 Underlying Emission Drivers177
- 7.3 Confronting the Challenges of Mitigation and Adaptation183
- 7.4 Making Cities Climate Friendly188
- Acknowledgements190
- References190
- Chapter 8 City Energy Networking in Europe193
- 8.1 Introduction193
- 8.2 Networking194
- 8.3 A Short History of Networks Supporting Sustainability in Urban Development195
- 8.4 Network Types199
- 8.5 Energy Network Overview200
- 8.6 Effectiveness and Problems of City Energy Networking in Practice206
- 8.7 Conclusion208
- References209
- Chapter 9 Energy Use and CO2 Production in the Urban Passenger Transport Systems of 84 International211
- Summary211
- 9.1 Introduction212
- 9.2 Methodology and Data Sources212
- 9.3 Characteristics of Urban Transport Systems214
- 9.4 Urban Form233
- 9.5 Conclusions234
- Acknowledgement235
- References235
- PART III: New Aspects of Technology237
- Chapter 10 Storage Systems for Reliable Future Power Supply Networks239
- Summary239
- 10.1. Introduction239
- 10.2. Storage Technologies for Electrical Energy245
- 10.3. Future Trends in Urban Energy Supply261
- 10.4. Conclusion265
- Chapter 11 The Media Laboratory City Car: A New Approach to Sustainable Urban Mobility267
- 11.1 The Geography of Refuelling267
- 11.2 Mechanical, Pipe, and Wire Distribution Networks268
- 11.3 The Geography of Battery Recharging270
- 11.4 Dual-Use Battery-Electric Vehicles270
- 11.5 The Role of Private Electric Vehicles271
- 11.6 The Role of Shared-Use Vehicles272
- 11.7 The City Car273
- 11.8 Shared-Use Electric Scooters and e-Bikes276
- 11.9 Combination with rapid transit277
- 11.10 Conclusion281
- Chapter 12 Towards the Intelligent Grid: A Review of the Literature283
- 12.1 Background283
- 12.2 A Framework for Integrating Social Research into the Intelligent Grid284
- 12.3 Adoption, Diffusion and Acceptance: Processes Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Techno285
- 12.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Characteristics Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology289
- 12.5 Society and Community: Situations Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology292
- 12.6 Changing Attitudes and Behaviours294
- 12.7 External Influences on the Uptake of Distributed Energy Generation and the Reduction of Energy297
- 12.8 Conclusions and Application for an Intelligent Grid in Australia301
- References302
- Chapter 13 Innovations Promote Rural and Peri-Urban Electrification in Developing Countries309
- 13.1 Introduction309
- 13.2 Wireless Networks – New Forms of Connectivity310
- 13.3 Pervasive Mobile Phone Applications310
- 13.4 Information for Villagers311
- 13.5 Rapid Digital Evolution313
- 13.6 Village Banking313
- 13.7 Village Technologies314
- 13.8 Reaching Out to a Rural Clientele315
- 13.9 Technical Trends317
- 13.10 Education in Rural Areas318
- 13.11 New Rural Electrification Policies and Programs320
- 13.12 The Art of doing Rural Business320
- 13.13 Income Generation and Innovation321
- 13.14 Towards a Rural Business Strategy322
- 13.15 Innovations in Renewable Energy Supply for Rural Areas323
- 13.16 Conclusion324
- Acknowledgement325
- References325
- PART IV: Transforming the Built Environment327
- Chapter 14 Towards the Renewable Built Environment329
- 14.1 Background329
- 14.2 Designing a Low Energy City330
- 14.3 Optimize the Energy Efficiency of the Urban Structure331
- 14.4 Minimize Energy Demand of Buildings334
- 14.5 Maximize Efficiency of Energy Supply337
- 14.6 Maximize the Share of Renewable Energy Sources339
- 14.7 Wastewater and Solid Wastes344
- 14.8 Urban Mobility344
- 14.9 Carbon Neutral Buildings and Settlements348
- 14.10 Conclusions361
- References362
- Chapter 15 Counteracting Urban Heat Islands in Japan365
- 15.1 Summer Heat Problems in Urban Settings365
- 15.2 Impact of Urban Heat Islands366
- 15.3 Measures to Combat Urban Heat Islands369
- 15.4 Developing Environmentally Friendly Cities375
- References379
- Chapter 16 Ecodesign and the Transition of the Built Environment381
- Chapter 17 "Energy-Contracting" to Achieve Energy Efficiency and Renewables using Comprehensive Refu387
- 17.1 Motivation and Introduction387
- 17.2 Energy-Contracting: Implementation Tool for Energy Efficiency and Renewables. Extended to Compr389
- 17.3 Three Basic Models to Implement Comprehensive Refurbishment Measures through Energy Performance394
- 17.4 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook406
- Chapter 18 Sustainability on the Urban Scale: Green Urbanism – New Models for Urban Growth and Nei409
- 18.1 Introduction409
- 18.2 Sustainability Integrated within the Urban Design Process410
- 18.3 The Need for More Comparative Research on Cities411
- 18.4 Ramifications of Planning Decisions Made Today414
- 18.5 Urban Eco-Systems: Density and Climate are Key Issues416
- 18.6 The 'Compact City' Discourse: Social Acceptance of High Density?417
- 18.7 Approaches Towards the Energy-Efficient 'City of the Future'418
- 18.8 Designing Buildings with the Climate – Rather than Against it420
- 18.9 Landscape and Building: Reintegrating Green and Maintaining Biodiversity422
- 18.10 Traffic Planning to Improve Public Transport423
- 18.11 Two Examples for Urban Regeneration: The 'City Campus' and 'PortCity' Projects424
- 18.12 Beyond Concerns of Aesthetics: Some Concluding Remarks426
- Acknowledgements429
- References429
- PART V: International Urban Agendas431
- Chapter 19 Barcelona and the Power of Solar Ordinances: Political Will, Capacity Building and People433
- 19.1 Introduction: Energy and People Living in Cities433
- 19.2 The Real Case of Barcelona: The Energy Needs and the Energy Supply435
- 19.3 Inefficient and Obsolete Energy Systems442
- 19.4 Realizing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Potentials443
- 19.5 The Future448
- References449
- Websites449
- Chapter 20 Reducing Carbon Emissions in London: From Theory to Practice451
- 20.1 Introduction451
- 20.2 The London Framework452
- 20.3 The Low Carbon City453
- 20.4 Use of the Planning System461
- 20.5 Conclusions472
- Acknowledgements473
- References473
- Glossary of Terms474
- Chapter 21 Urban Energy and Carbon Management in Leicester475
- 21.1 Introduction475
- 21.2 Policy Background476
- 21.3 Local Energy and Carbon Management Policies in Leicester477
- 21.4 Local Modelling and Emissions Accounting483
- 21.5 The City's Progress in Engaging in a Dialogue with the Public486
- 21.6 Lessons Learnt and Conclusions487
- Acknowledgements488
- References488
- Chapter 22 Reducing Carbon Emissions From Oxford City: Plans and Tools491
- 22.1 Introduction491
- 22.2 Development and Demonstration of the DECoRuM® Model492
- 22.3 Estimating Baseline Energy Use and CO[sub(2)] Emissions493
- 22.4 DECoRuM® CO[sub(2)] Reduction and Cost/Benefit Model493
- 22.5 Oxford Climate Change Action Plan498
- 22.6 Top-Down Approaches (National Data Sets)499
- 22.7 Bottom-Up Approaches (Local Data sets)500
- 22.8 Conclusions: Future Work for Oxford City503
- Acknowledgements504
- References504
- Chapter 23 Integrating Energy in Urban Planning in the Philippines and Vietnam507
- 23.1 Introduction507
- 23.2 Socioeconomic Background of Naga City and Can Tho City509
- 23.3 Background on the Two Cities' Urban Planning Process510
- 23.4 Energy-Integrated Urban Planning (EIUP): Introduction to the EIUP Methodology513
- 23.5 EIUP: Motivations and Conditions for Success515
- 23.6 Application of EIUP: Key Results for Naga and Can Tho521
- 23.7 Conclusions529
- Acknowledgements and Disclaimer530
- References530
- Chapter 24 Sustainable Energy Systems and the Urban Poor: Nigeria, Brazil and the Philippines533
- 24.1 Introduction533
- 24.2 Energy Use Patterns in Poor Urban Households535
- 24.3 Energy, Urban Enterprises and Poverty541
- 24.4 Gender, Energy and Urban Livelihoods546
- 24.5 Energy Use, the Urban Poor and the Environment547
- 24.6 Energy Use Improving the Livelihoods of the Urban Poor549
- 24.7 Conclusions556
- Acknowledgements559
- References559
- Chapter 25 Energy Planning in South African cities563
- 25.1 Introduction563
- 25.2 South African Cities within the National Energy and Development Picture564
- 25.3 City Energy: Key Issues567
- 25.4 Building Sustainable Energy Approaches in Urban Development in South Africa572
- 25.5 Urban Energy Policy Implementation – and Challenges577
- 25.6 Conclusion582
- Acknowledgments583
- References583
- Chapter 26 Household Markets for Ethanol – Prospects for Ethiopia585
- 26.1 Introduction585
- 26.2 Supply Side588
- 26.3 Demand Side591
- 26.4 Discussion/Results612
- 26.5 Conclusions617
- Acknowledgements617
- References618
- Chapter 27 Freedom from Fossil Fuel and Nuclear Power: The Scope for Local Solutions in the United S619
- 27.1 Introduction619
- 27.2 The Santa Barbara County Plan619
- Chapter 28 Lagos, Nigeria: Sustainable Energy Technologies for an Emerging African Megacity631
- 28.1 Introduction631
- 28.2 Why Examine Energy Crisis in Lagos Megacity?633
- 28.3 Lagos: An African Megacity635
- 28.4 The Dysfunctions of Lagos: The Monocentric Megacity636
- 28.5 Some Potentials for Realizing Urban Sustainable Energy in Lagos and Urban Nigeria637
- 28.6 Defects in Unsustainable IPPs being Developed: A Case for Transition to Sustainable Energy in L641
- 28.7 Recommendations641
- References643
- Index647
- A647
- B647
- C647
- D648
- E648
- F649
- G650
- H650
- I650
- J651
- K651
- L651
- M651
- N652
- O652
- P653
- R653
- S653
- T654
- U654
- V655
- W655
- Z655
- Colour Plates657
This compendium of 29 chapters from 18 countries contains both fundamental and advanced insight into the inevitable shift from cities dominated by the fossil-fuel systems of the industrial age to a renewable-energy based urban development framework. The cross-disciplinary handbook covers a range of diverse yet relevant topics, including: carbon emissions policy and practice; the role of embodied energy; urban thermal performance planning; building efficiency services; energy poverty alleviation efforts; renewable community support networks; aspects of household level bio-fuel markets; urban renewable energy legislation, programs and incentives; innovations in individual transport systems; global urban mobility trends; implications of intelligent energy networks and distributed energy supply and storage; and the case for new regional monetary systems and lifestyles. Presented are practical and principled aspects of technology, economics, design, culture and society, presenting perspectives that are both local and international in scope and relevance.