Viral Ecology
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Contributorsxiii
- Prefacexv
- Section I: Structure and Behavior of Viruses: An Introduction1
- Chapter 1. Defining the Ecology of Viruses3
- I. Introduction3
- II. Surviving the Game: The Virus and Its Host11
- III. Steppin' Out and Taking the A Train: Reaching Out and Touching Someone by Vector or Vehicle19
- IV. Why Things Are the Way They Are33
- V. Summary (Can There Be Conclusions?)37
- References38
- Chapter 2. An Introduction to Viral Taxonomy and the Proposal of Akamara, a Potential Domain for the41
- I. Introduction41
- II. The Existing Viral Families42
- III. The Proposed Domain of Akamara56
- IV. Conclusions60
- References62
- Chapter 3. Virus Morphology, Replication , and Assembly63
- I. Glossary of Abbreviations and Definitions64
- II. Introduction66
- III. Chemical Composition67
- IV. Morphology77
- V. Viral Replication Cycle83
- VI. Assembly and Morphogenesis of Virus Particles109
- VII. Conclusions122
- References123
- Chapter 4. An Introduction to the Evolutionary Ecology of Viruses125
- I. Introduction: Defining Viral Evolutionary Ecology126
- II. Fitness and Selection128
- III. Intrahost Evolution130
- IV. Interhost Evolution147
- V. The Adaptive Landscape and Response to Selection165
- VI. Influence of Other Interactions176
- VII. Conclusion: Viral Diversity Data and Viral Diversification187
- References189
- Section II: Viruses of Other Microorganisms209
- Chapter 5. Ecology of Bacteriophages in Nature211
- I. Introduction211
- II. Distribution212
- III. Ecosystem Dynamics215
- IV. Molecular Ecology219
- V. Non-Indigenous Phage234
- VI. Summary237
- References239
- Chapter 6. Ecological , Evolutionary , and Geochemical Consequences of Viral Infection of Cyanobacte247
- I. Introduction248
- II. Taxonomy, Morphology, and Evolution of Algal Viruses250
- III. Ecological Implications of Viral Replication254
- IV. Diversity258
- V. Distribution, Abundance, and Population Dynamics of Natural Algal Virus Communities264
- VI. The Fate of Viruses in the Environment268
- VII. The Effect of Viruses on the Mortality of Algal Populations272
- VIII. The Role of Algal Viruses in Global Geochemical Cycles283
- IX. Summary285
- References286
- Chapter 7. Viruses of Fungi and Protozoans : Is Everyone Sick?297
- I. Introduction297
- II. Relationships among dsRNA Viruses of Lower Eukaryotes302
- III. Satellite Viruses: Killer Toxins306
- IV. Other Viral Symbionts in Fungi310
- References311
- Section III: Viruses of Macroscopic Plants319
- Chapter 8. Ecology of Plant Viruses, with Special Reference to Whitefly-Transmitted Geminiviruses (W321
- I. Introduction322
- II. Virus–Vector–Plant Ecosystems: Ecology of WTGs333
- III. Control of Geminivirus Diseases341
- IV. Role of Man in Virus Ecology343
- V. Emergence of New Recombinant Viruses344
- VI. Conclusions346
- References347
- Chapter 9. Viroid Diseases of Plants353
- I. Introduction353
- II. Viroid Structure354
- III. Viroid Taxonomy357
- IV. Principal and Alternate Hosts358
- V. Transmission Strategies361
- VI. Survival Strategies363
- VII. Replication Strategies365
- VIII. Effects of Viroid Infection on the Host370
- References376
- Section IV: Viruses of Macroscopic Animals383
- Chapter 10. Ecology of Insect Viruses385
- I. Introduction385
- II. Types of Viruses386
- III. Transmission386
- IV. Viruses and the Host Individual393
- V. Viruses and the Host Population395
- VI. Synthesis: Evolution of Pathogen–Host Associations402
- References405
- Chapter 11. Ecology of Viruses of Cold–Blooded Vertebrates413
- I. Introduction413
- II. Immune Response of Cold–Blooded Vertebrates to Virus Infections414
- III. Effect of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on Disease Development and Virus Replication418
- IV. Ecology of Selected Virus-Host Systems422
- V. Overall Summary439
- References439
- Chapter 12. Virus Cycles in Aquatic Mammals, Poikilotherms, and Invertebrates447
- I. Introduction448
- II. Calicivirus Cycles in Pinnipeds452
- III. Ocean Cycles in Cetaceans468
- IV. Poikilotherm and Avian Hosts471
- V. Invertebrate Calicivirus Hosts474
- VI. Terrestrial Hosts of Marine Caliciviruses479
- VII. Zoonotic Expression of Caliciviruses of Ocean Origin484
- VIII. Conclusions487
- References488
- Chapter 13. Macroecology and Microecology of Viruses of Terrestrial Mammals493
- I. Introduction493
- II. Taxonomy of Viruses of Terrestrial Vertebrates494
- III. Relation of Taxonomic Placement and Viral Ecology494
- IV. Effects of Viruses on Vertebrate and Arthropod Populations514
- V. Conclusions514
- References515
- Chapter 14. Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses519
- I. Introduction520
- II. Achieving the Goal of Viral Reproduction521
- III. Achieving the Goal of Viral Transmission between Hosts526
- IV. Summary of Viral Families That Afflict Humans530
- V. Conclusions547
- References548
- Chapter 15. Impact of Avian Viruses549
- I. The Avian Host550
- II. Replication and Persistence of Viruses in the Avian Host553
- III. The Major Groups of Viruses That Infect Birds560
- IV. Impact of Viral Transmission among Members of the Class Aves561
- V. Impact of Transmission of Avian Viruses outside the Class Aves582
- VI. Conclusions and Future Considerations582
- References586
- Chapter 16. Prion Diseases of Humans and Animals593
- I. Introduction593
- II. The Prion Diseases594
- III. Characterizing the Infectious Agent602
- IV. The Role of PrPC in the Disease Process603
- V. The Normal Role of PrPC605
- VI. Species Barriers and Protein X606
- VII. Prion Strains608
- VIII. Peripheral Pathogenesis609
- IX. Conclusions and Future Prospects609
- References610
- Index621
- Color Plate SectionColor Plate-1
Viral Ecology defines and explains the ecology of viruses by examining their interactions with their hosting species, including the types of transmission cycles that have evolved, encompassing principal and alternate hosts, vehicles, and vectors. It examines virology from an organismal biology approach, focusing on the concept that viral infections represent areas of overlap in the ecology of viruses, their hosts, and their vectors.
Key Features
* The relationship between viruses and their hosting species
* The concept that viral interactions with their hosts represents a highly evolved aspect of organismal biology
* The types of transmission cycles which exist for viruses, including their hosts, vectors, and vehicles
* The concept that viral infections represent areas of overlap in the ecology of the viruses, their hosts, and their vectors
Key Features
* The relationship between viruses and their hosting species
* The concept that viral interactions with their hosts represents a highly evolved aspect of organismal biology
* The types of transmission cycles which exist for viruses, including their hosts, vectors, and vehicles
* The concept that viral infections represent areas of overlap in the ecology of the viruses, their hosts, and their vectors