Wireless Communications & Networking
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of Contentsvii
- About the Authorxxiii
- Prefacexxv
- Chapter 1. An Overview of Wireless Systems1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 First- and Second-Generation Cellular Systems2
- 1.3 Cellular Communications from 1G to 3G5
- 1.4 Road Map for Higher Data Rate Capability in 3G8
- 1.5 Wireless 4G Systems14
- 1.6 Future Wireless Networks15
- 1.7 Standardization Activities for Cellular Systems17
- 1.8 Summary19
- Problems20
- References20
- Chapter 2. Teletraffic Engineering23
- 2.1 Introduction23
- 2.2 Service Level23
- 2.3 Traffic Usage24
- 2.4 Traffic Measurement Units25
- 2.5 Call Capacity30
- 2.6 Definitions of Terms32
- 2.7 Data Collection36
- 2.8 Office Engineering Considerations36
- 2.9 Traffic Types38
- 2.10 Blocking Formulas39
- 2.11 Summary43
- Problems44
- References45
- Chapter 3. Radio Propagation and Propagation Path-Loss Models47
- 3.1 Introduction47
- 3.2 Free-Space Attenuation48
- 3.3 Attenuation over Reflecting Surface50
- 3.4 Effect of Earth’s Curvature53
- 3.5 Radio Wave Propagation54
- 3.6 Characteristics of a Wireless Channel58
- 3.7 Signal Fading Statistics62
- 3.8 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration65
- 3.9 Propagation Path-Loss Models66
- 3.10 Indoor Path-Loss Models75
- 3.11 Fade Margin76
- 3.12 Link Margin79
- 3.13 Summary81
- Problems82
- References83
- Chapter 4. An Overview of Digital Communication and Transmission85
- 4.1 Introduction85
- 4.2 Baseband Systems87
- 4.3 Messages, Characters, and Symbols87
- 4.4 Sampling Process88
- 4.5 Voice Communication97
- 4.6 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)98
- 4.7 Pulse Code Modulation100
- 4.8 Shannon Limit102
- 4.9 Modulation103
- 4.10 Performance Parameters of Coding and Modulation Scheme105
- 4.11 Power Limited and Bandwidth-Limited Channel108
- 4.12 Nyquist Bandwidth109
- 4.13 OSI Model112
- 4.14 Data Communication Services113
- 4.15 Multiplexing115
- 4.16 Transmission Media116
- 4.17 Transmission Impairments118
- 4.18 Summary120
- Problems121
- References121
- Chapter 5. Fundamentals of Cellular Communications123
- 5.1 Introduction123
- 5.2 Cellular Systems123
- 5.3 Hexagonal Cell Geometry125
- 5.4 Cochannel Interference Ratio131
- 5.5 Cellular System Design in Worst-Case Scenario with an Omnidirectional Antenna134
- 5.6 Cochannel Interference Reduction136
- 5.7 Directional Antennas in Seven-Cell Reuse Pattern137
- 5.8 Cell Splitting141
- 5.9 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)144
- 5.10 Segmentation144
- 5.11 Summary145
- Problems146
- References147
- Chapter 6. Multiple Access Techniques149
- 6.1 Introduction149
- 6.2 Narrowband Channelized Systems150
- 6.3 Spectral Efficiency156
- 6.4 Wideband Systems163
- 6.5 Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and DS-CDMA166
- 6.6 Capacity of a DS-CDMA System168
- 6.7 Comparison of DS-CDMA vs. TDMA System Capacity171
- 6.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum with M-ary Frequency Shift Keying172
- 6.9 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)173
- 6.10 Multicarrier DS-CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA)175
- 6.11 Random Access Methods176
- 6.12 Idle Signal Casting Multiple Access184
- 6.13 Packet Reservation Multiple Access184
- 6.14 Error Control Schemes for Link Layer185
- 6.15 Summary188
- Problems189
- References190
- Chapter 7. Architecture of a Wireless Wide-Area Network (WWAN)193
- 7.1 Introduction193
- 7.2 WWAN Subsystem Entities194
- 7.3 Logical Channels199
- 7.4 Channel and Frame Structure201
- 7.5 Basic Signal Characteristics203
- 7.6 Speech Processing203
- 7.7 Power Levels in Mobile Station208
- 7.8 GSM Public Land Mobile Network Services209
- 7.9 Summary212
- Problems213
- References213
- Chapter 8. Speech Coding and Channel Coding215
- 8.1 Introduction215
- 8.2 Speech Coding215
- 8.3 Speech Codecs in European Systems222
- 8.4 CELP Speech Codec227
- 8.5 Enhanced Variable Rate Codec230
- 8.6 Channel Coding233
- 8.7 Summary246
- Problems247
- References247
- Chapter 9. Modulation Schemes249
- 9.1 Introduction249
- 9.2 Introduction to Modulation249
- 9.3 Phase Shift Keying257
- 9.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation272
- 9.5 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying275
- 9.6 Modulation Selection278
- 9.7 Synchronization278
- 9.8 Equalization282
- 9.9 Summary284
- Problems284
- References285
- Chapter 10. Antennas, Diversity, and Link Analysis287
- 10.1 Introduction287
- 10.2 Antenna System287
- 10.3 Antenna Gain288
- 10.4 Performance Criteria of Antenna Systems293
- 10.5 Relationship between Directivity, Gain, and Beam Width of an Antenna295
- 10.6 Diversity300
- 10.7 Combining Methods302
- 10.8 Rake Receiver310
- 10.9 Link Budgets312
- 10.10 Summary314
- Problems315
- References315
- Chapter 11. Spread Spectrum (SS) and CDMA Systems317
- 11.1 Introduction317
- 11.2 Concept of Spread Spectrum317
- 11.3 System Processing Gain321
- 11.4 Requirements of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum328
- 11.5 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems329
- 11.6 Operational Advantages of SS Modulation333
- 11.7 Coherent Binary Phase-Shift Keying DSSS335
- 11.8 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying DSSS337
- 11.9 Bit Scrambling339
- 11.10 Requirements of Spreading Codes341
- 11.11 Multipath Path Signal Propagation and Rake Receiver342
- 11.12 Critical Challenges of CDMA347
- 11.13 TIA IS-95 CDMA System347
- 11.14 Power Control in CDMA356
- 11.15 Softer and Soft Handoff361
- 11.16 Summary364
- Problems364
- References366
- Chapter 12. Mobility Management in Wireless Networks369
- 12.1 Introduction369
- 12.2 Mobility Management Functions370
- 12.3 Mobile Location Management371
- 12.4 Mobile Registration376
- 12.5 Handoff384
- 12.6 Summary393
- Problems394
- References394
- Chapter 13. Security in Wireless Systems397
- 13.1 Introduction397
- 13.2 Security and Privacy Needs of a Wireless System399
- 13.3 Required Features for a Secured Wireless Communications System407
- 13.4 Methods of Providing Privacy and Security in Wireless Systems407
- 13.5 Wireless Security and Standards409
- 13.6 IEEE 802.11 Security409
- 13.7 Security in North American Cellular/PCS Systems411
- 13.8 Security in GSM, GPRS, and UMTS415
- 13.9 Data Security420
- 13.10 Air Interface Support for Authentication Methods429
- 13.11 Summary of Security in Current Wireless Systems430
- 13.12 Summary432
- Problems432
- References433
- Chapter 14. Mobile Network and Transport Layer435
- 14.1 Introduction435
- 14.2 Concept of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Suite in Internet436
- 14.3 Network Layer in the Internet439
- 14.4 TCP/IP Suite446
- 14.5 Transmission Control Protocol448
- 14.6 Mobile IP (MIP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)457
- 14.7 Internet Reference Model464
- 14.8 Summary465
- Problems465
- References466
- Chapter 15. Wide-Area Wireless Networks (WANs) „ GSM Evolution469
- 15.1 Introduction469
- 15.2 GSM Evolution for Data470
- 15.3 Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems489
- 15.4 UMTS Network Reference Architecture495
- 15.5 Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network497
- 15.6 Spreading and Scrambling in UMTS504
- 15.7 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Overview506
- 15.8 UMTS Core Network Architecture518
- 15.9 Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec for UMTS523
- 15.10 UMTS Bearer Service524
- 15.11 QoS Management526
- 15.12 Quality of Service in UMTS528
- 15.13 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)530
- 15.14 Freedom of Mobile multimedia Access (FOMA)536
- 15.15 Summary537
- Problems538
- References539
- Chapter 16. Wide-Area Wireless Networks „ cdmaOne Evolution541
- 16.1 Introduction541
- 16.2 cdma2000 Layering Structure544
- 16.3 Forward Link Physical Channels of cdma2000550
- 16.4 Forward Link Features553
- 16.5 Reverse Link Physical Channels of cdma2000562
- 16.6 Evolution of cdmaOne (IS-95) to cdma2000568
- 16.7 Technical Differences between cdma2000 and WCDMA586
- 16.8 Summary587
- Problems592
- References592
- Chapter 17. Planning and Design of Wide-Area Wireless Networks595
- 17.1 Introduction595
- 17.2 Planning and Design of a Wireless Network596
- 17.3 Radio Design for a Cellular Network600
- 17.4 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget602
- 17.5 cdma2000 1X EV-DO615
- 17.6 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access620
- 17.7 Iub Interface Dimensioning624
- 17.8 Radio Network Controller Dimensioning624
- 17.9 Summary626
- Problems626
- References629
- Chapter 18. Wireless Application Protocol631
- 18.1 Introduction631
- 18.2 WAP and the World Wide Web (WWW)631
- 18.3 Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol632
- 18.4 The WAP Programming Model633
- 18.5 WAP Architecture636
- 18.6 Traditional WAP Networking Environment643
- 18.7 WAP Advantages and Disadvantages645
- 18.8 Applications of WAP646
- 18.9 imode647
- 18.10 imode versus WAP649
- 18.11 Summary650
- Problems650
- References650
- Chapter 19. Wireless Personal Area Network„Bluetooth653
- 19.1 Introduction653
- 19.2 The Wireless Personal Area Network654
- 19.3 Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1)656
- 19.4 Definitions of the Terms Used in Bluetooth659
- 19.5 Bluetooth Protocol Stack660
- 19.6 Bluetooth Link Types663
- 19.7 Bluetooth Security666
- 19.8 Network Connection Establishment in Bluetooth669
- 19.9 Error Correction in Bluetooth670
- 19.10 Network Topology in Bluetooth671
- 19.11 Bluetooth Usage Models671
- 19.12 Bluetooth Applications672
- 19.13 WAP and Bluetooth673
- 19.14 Summary673
- Problems673
- References674
- Chapter 20. Wireless Personal Area Networks: Low Rate and High Rate675
- 20.1 Introduction675
- 20.2 Wireless Sensor Network675
- 20.3 Usage of Wireless Sensor Networks678
- 20.4 Wireless Sensor Network Model678
- 20.5 Sensor Network Protocol Stack683
- 20.6 ZigBee Technology688
- 20.7 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN Device Architecture691
- 20.8 IEEE 802.15.3a „ Ultra WideBand703
- 20.9 Radio Frequency Identification707
- 20.10 Summary710
- Problems710
- References711
- Chapter 21. Wireless Local Area Networks713
- 21.1 Introduction713
- 21.2 WLAN Equipment716
- 21.3 WLAN Topologies717
- 21.4 WLAN Technologies719
- 21.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN721
- 21.6 Joining an Existing Basic Service Set744
- 21.7 Security of IEEE 802.11 Systems747
- 21.8 Power Management747
- 21.9 IEEE 802.11b „ High Rate DSSS748
- 21.10 IEEE 802.11n749
- 21.11 Other WLAN Standards752
- 21.12 Performance of a Bluetooth Piconet in the Presence of IEEE 802.11 WLANs759
- 21.13 Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11763
- 21.14 IEEE 802.16765
- 21.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX)767
- 21.16 Summary772
- Problems774
- References775
- Appendix A. Traffic Tables777
- Acronyms787
- Index807
- Chapter 22. Interworking between Wireless Local Area Networks and 3G Wireless Wide Area Networks823
- 22.1 Introduction823
- 22.2 Interworking Objectives and Requirements824
- 22.3 Interworking Schemes to Connect WLANs and 3G Networks825
- 22.4 De Facto WLAN System Architecture827
- 22.5 Session Mobility829
- 22.6 Interworking Architectures for WLAN and GPRS830
- 22.7 System Description with Tight Coupling831
- 22.8 System Description with Loose Coupling839
- 22.9 Local Multipoint Distribution Service848
- 22.10 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System851
- 22.11 Summary853
- Problems854
- References854
- Chapter 23. Fourth Generation Systems and New Wireless Technologies857
- 23.1 Introduction857
- 23.2 4G Vision858
- 23.3 4G Features and Challenges859
- 23.4 Applications of 4G863
- 23.5 4G Technologies863
- 23.6 Summary877
- Problems877
- References878
- Appendix B. Path Loss over a Reflecting Surface879
- Appendix C. Error Functions883
- Appendix D. Spreading Codes Used in CDMA887
- Appendix E. Power Units897
This book provides comprehensive coverage of mobile data networking and mobile communications under a single cover for diverse audiences including managers, practicing engineers, and students who need to understand this industry. In the last two decades, many books have been written on the subject of wireless communications and networking. However, mobile data networking and mobile communications were not fully addressed in a unified fashion. This book fills that gap in the literature and is written to provide essentials of wireless communications and wireless networking, including Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN).
The first ten chapters of the book focus on the fundamentals that are required to study mobile data networking and mobile communications. Numerous solved examples have been included to show applications of theoretical concepts. In addition, unsolved problems are given at the end of each chapter for practice. (A solutions manual will be available.)
After introducing fundamental concepts, the book focuses on mobile networking aspects. Four chapters are devoted on the discussion of WPAN, WLAN, WWAN, and internetworking between WLAN and WWAN. Remaining seven chapters deal with other aspects of mobile communications such as mobility management, security, cellular network planning, and 4G systems.
A unique feature of this book that is missing in most of the available books on wireless communications and networking is a balance between the theoretical and practical concepts.
Moreover, this book can be used to teach a one/two semester course in mobile data networking and mobile communications to ECE and CS students.
*Details the essentials of Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPAN), Wireless Local Are Networks (WLAN), and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)
*Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage including the latest in standards and 4G technology
*Suitable for classroom use in senior/first year grad level courses. Solutions manual and other instructor support available
The first ten chapters of the book focus on the fundamentals that are required to study mobile data networking and mobile communications. Numerous solved examples have been included to show applications of theoretical concepts. In addition, unsolved problems are given at the end of each chapter for practice. (A solutions manual will be available.)
After introducing fundamental concepts, the book focuses on mobile networking aspects. Four chapters are devoted on the discussion of WPAN, WLAN, WWAN, and internetworking between WLAN and WWAN. Remaining seven chapters deal with other aspects of mobile communications such as mobility management, security, cellular network planning, and 4G systems.
A unique feature of this book that is missing in most of the available books on wireless communications and networking is a balance between the theoretical and practical concepts.
Moreover, this book can be used to teach a one/two semester course in mobile data networking and mobile communications to ECE and CS students.
*Details the essentials of Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPAN), Wireless Local Are Networks (WLAN), and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)
*Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage including the latest in standards and 4G technology
*Suitable for classroom use in senior/first year grad level courses. Solutions manual and other instructor support available